I CLXrSERET. 63 was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1888, 1889, and 1893. He died August 21, 1900. near Toulon. He pulilishcd Mcmoircs du yencral Cluscrct (KSS7-88). CLTJSIUM:, kluU'shi-vim. An ancient town of Italy, the modern C'hiusi (q.v.). CLUSTEB-CUP. See .Ecidium; Uredin.les. CLUSTERED PIEE, or Column, or. Com- pound PiEH. A form of architectural support characteristic of the Middle Ages, though not absolutely tuiknown to the ancient East, as is shown by the Babylonian cluster of four columns found at Telloh. It was not used in the Classic, Early Christian, or Byzantine style, nor until the development of the vaulted Romanes<iue in the eleventh centurj'. It probably originated in the attempt to vary the plain square pier which was then being used in place of the classic col- ximn, and to connect it with moldings of the arcades and the ribs of the vaulting. These Ro- manesque piers had a square or rectangular core, tc each face of which a semi-column or engaged shaft was attached; this simplest form was varied by the addition of minor shafts and re- entrant angles. 'V'ery rich effects were thus obtained, especiallj' in central France and Eng- land during the twelfth century. The developed Gothic style of the thirteenth century adopted the clustered pier as its regular support in in- terior architecture. The Gothic pier differed in being usually far slenderer, more varied in plan, and in a majority of cases based on a circular or polygonal instead of a square core. The larger shafts wei'e sometimes — especially in Eng- land — separated from the core, to whieli they were fastened only at the base and at the capital and by intermediary molded bands. But this form was found tinsatisfactorj' and was aban- doned except in England for the solid pier, which was a better support. Its simplest form with circular core is shown in the nave of Amiens Cathedral, but its variations are infinite, being determined largely by the number, form, the grouping of the vaulting ribs and moldings above, by connecting with which the effective sweep of architectural lines is continued from floor to vaulting ridge. The neo-elassicism of the Renaissance put an end to the clustered pier almost entirely except in its simplest rectangu- lar forms. CLUT'TEEBUCK, Capt.ix Cuthbert. A retired officer, the fictitious editor of Scott's The Ahhot, The Monaster;/, and The Fortunes of Nuirl. CLUVER, kloo'ver, or CLTIVER, kh/ver, PniLipp (1580-1022). A German antiquarian and geographer, bom in Danzig. He first studied law in Leyden, btit soon forsook it for archfe- ology and geography, whereupon his father with- drew all support and he was obliged to take .ser- vice in the Austrian .rmy. From 1607 to 1613 he traveled through Xorway. England. Scotland. France. Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, and in 161.5 he settled in Leyden. where he was made 'Geographus .Vademicus.' In 1617-18 he roamed once more through Italy and Sicily, on foot and under_ great hardship. He was the founder of historical geography and author of Germnnin An- tiqua (16161: f-!ieilin Antiqna (1619): IfaVia Antiqua (16-24), his principal work, and Intro- ductio in Vniversnm fleotjraphiam (1624). CLYMENIA- CLYDE (called Qlotta by Tacitus, connected with Ulr. Cluad, name of a river, Gk. xXiJfed., klyzein, to wash out, Lat. cliiere, to purify, Gotli. hlutrs, AS. hlullor, Gcr. laulcr, pure). The third in size, commercially the most important, river in Scotland, widely celebrated for the ro- mantic beauty of its scenery (.Map: Scotland. D 4). It is formed by several large streams of the semicircular range of the Lead, Lowther, and Moffat hills, and drains the counties of Lanark, Renfrew, and Dumbarton, flowing pa.st Lan;irK, Hamilton, Glasgow, Renfrew, and Dumbarton, near which town it opens into the Firth of Clyde. In this course it receives a number of streams, and flows through a fertile, wooded valley, often extending into level plains, and often having bold, wooded banks. From two miles above to four miles below Lanark are the cele- brated Falls of the Clyde — a series of cascades and rapids, the largest in Scotland; the total de- scent in the course of si.x miles being 230 feet, over Old Red Sandstone rocks, amid very pictur- esque scenery. Corra Linn, the grandest fall, forms three distinct leaps — in all 84 feet high. Below Glasgow the Clyde expands into an estuary, navi- gable by the largest vcs.sels, and at Greenock it attains a breadth of about four miles. Opposite this point it commtmicateswith the GareIoeh,and a little below, with Loch Long on the north, and turning, expands into the Firth of Clyde, which extends between Argyle, on the west, and Ren- frew and Ayrshire, on the east, until it becomes identified with the North Channel at the island of Ailsa Craig, where its breadth is about 30 miles. In the Firth of Clyde are the islands Ar- ran, Bute, Great Cumbrae, and Little Cumbrae. In the north a narrow arm, called Loch Fyne, ex- tends far into Argyllshire. The Clyde from its source to Glasgow is, by its windings, 75 miles long, and from Glasgow to the south end of the peninsula of Cantyre the distance is about 90 miles. The basin of the Clyde occupies 1500 square miles. Floods sometimes raise its waters 20 feet. Clydesdale, or the "alley of the Clyde, is noted for its coal and iron mines, orchards, and horses. Bell, in 1812, laimched on the Clyde tile first boat in Europe successfully propelled by steam. The Clyde forms the centre of the ship- building industry in Scotland. Consult Millar, The Clyde from Its Source to the Sea (London, 1888). CLYDE, LoBD. Sec Campbell, Sir Colin. CLYDE'BANK. A town in Dumbartonshire, Scotland, on the Clyde, 7 miles northwest of Glasgow (Map: Scotland, D 4). It has expen- sive yards for building iron and steel ships. Population (police burgh) , in 1901. 18,654. CLYDESDALE or PAISLEY TERRIER. See Terriek. CLYM (Mini) OF THE CLOUGH, kliif. See Clt^i. CLYMENE, kltm'e-ne. ( 1 ) The daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. and mother, by Japetus, of Atlas, Prometheus, and Epimetheus. (2) The mother of Phacthon. CLYME'NIA (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Lat. Chimcne, Gk. 'KXviUvn. Khimene. name of anjonph, originally p.p. of kMuv. kli/ein. to hear). A genus of goniatitoid cephalopods, found in the Upper Devonian rocks of Europe and North America, and distinguished from the other gonia-
