CYBUS THE GREAT. ri8 CYSTOIDEA. him as the hero of his famous historic romance, the Cyropcedia. Taken for all in all, his claim to be entitled Cyrus the Great, as history has crowned him, remains uiicliallenged with time. The best short account of Cyrus, with abundant references, is that of Jusli, in Geiger and Kuhn, Grundriss der iranischen Philoloyie (Strassburg, 1897). Consult also Duneker, History of An- tiquity, Eng. trans. (London, 1881). Passing nu'iiti<jn may be made of Horner, Uunicl, Unrius the Median' Cyrus the (Jrcat (Pittsburg, 1901). CYRUS THE YOUNGER ( ? -401 B.C.). The second of the sons of Darius Xothus, or Ochus, and Parysatis, familiarly known through Xeno-. phon's Audbasis. When his elder brother, Arta- xerxes Mnemon (q.v. ), succeeded to the throne (B.C. 404), Cyrus conspired to deprive him of his crown and liis life. The plot, liowever, being discovered, he was at first sentenced to death., but afterwards pardoned, through his mother's intervention, and was eveii restored to his dig- nity of satrap of Asia Minor. Here he employed himself in making arrangements for war against his brother, although he concealed his purposes to the very last. In the spring of B.C. 401 he left Sardis at the head of 100,000 Asiatics and 13.000 Greek mercenaries, under pretense of chastising the robbers of Pisidia. Artaxerxes, being warned of Cyrus's perfidy, made prepara- tions to oppose him, and the two armies encoun- tered each other in the Plains of Cuna.xa, between 60 and 70 miles from Babylon. Cyrus was de- .feated and slain, although the Greeks fought ■with the greatest courage, and even routed that portion of Artaxerxes's troops immediately op- posed to them. The fortunes of the Greeks, on their retreat through the highlands of Kurdistan and Armenia in severe winter weather, are re- corded by Xenophon in his Anabasis (q.v.). That historian represents Cyrus the Yoimger as en- dowed with every amiable qualitj-. CYST (from Gk. siffris, kysfis, bladder). A tumor containing one or more cavities, the con- tents of which arc of a fluid or semi-fluid con- sistence. The cyst-wall is formed of connective and fibrous tissue, rarely of muscular fibres, and the inner surface of the cavity is lined with epithelium. Cysts are classified according to their mode of development. Some are found in glands and are due to an excess of the normal cell-secretion : others are caused by obstruction of the ducts through which the secretion natural- ly escapes. One class, known as dermoid cysts, are due to faulty embryonic development, and these at times contain hair, nails, or teeth. Oc- casionally solid tvunors undergo cystic degenera- tion. Hydatid cysts are of parasitic origin, and occur most frequently in the liver. Besides these there are numerous other varieties depending upon the tissues in which they grow. Cysts vary in size from minute retenjion cysts on the face to the enormous tumors of the ovary, one of ■which is reported as weighing 116 pounds. Sur- gical interference is frequently required. See Ovaries; Hyd.atids. CYSTID'EA. See Ctstoidea. CYS'TIN (fromGk. kiVtis, fci/s/is, bladder), CjHgNOjSz. An organic acid (amido-sulpho- lactie acid), allied to lactic acid and having the constitutional formula H00C(NH,) (CH,) C.S.S.C (CH3) (NH.) COOH. It is the principal constituent of the urinary calculus known as cystic calculus, from which it may be obtainea by dissolving in ammonia and allowing the solu- tion to evajjorate, the cystin separating out in the form of characteristic colorless crystals, which are insoluble in w'ater, alcohol, or ether. CYSTI'TIS (Neo-Lat., from Gk. Kiar^s, kys- tis, bladder). Infiammation of the urinary blad- der. Among the causes of cystitis may be men- tioned injuries, exposure to cold, injection of irritating medicaments in treating the urethra, insertion of a dirty catheter when drawing off the urine, retention of fermenting uriue, extension of inflammation from other adjacent tissues, or the presence of a calculus ( q.v. ) . The inflam- mation is accompanied by chills, fever, some nau- sea, pain in the bladder, and a continual desire to urinate. The urine is generally cloudy, from mucus and pus, or bloody. In treating cystitis, heat should be applied to the abdomen, or the patient should take a hot sitz-bath; he should take large quantities of alkaline drinks, and rest in bed. In many cases it is necessary to wash out the bladder, and a variety of dru,gs are used, according to the exact nature of the symp- toms. CYS'TOCARP (Gk. Ki<TTis, kystis, bladder -f Kapirbi, karpos, fruit). A complex form of fruc- tification developed in the red algs as a re- sult of the sexual act. See Rhodophyce.e ; ALG.S:. CYSTOI'DEA (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. KiffTis, Icystis, bladder + eJdos, eidos, form). A class of extinct echinoderms of the subphylum Pelmatozoa (q.v.). allied to the crinoids and blastoids, but difiering from these chiefly in the irregular arrangement of the plates of the calyx and the imperfect development of their arms. In general appearance the Cystoidea resemble the crinoids, with the remains of which they are often found associated in the Ordovician and Silurian strata. The cystoid body was inclosed in a case or 'calyx' of variable form, spherical, cylindrical, hemispherical, or discoid, which is made up of polygonal calcareous plates without regular arrangement. The calj-x-plates seem to liave been, in many early genera, loosely united to each other, so that they became easily dis- sociated after death of the animal. Tliis ex- plains the rarit.v of perfect individuals in the Ordovician rocks, -nhere the fragments are often exceedingly abundant. Another characteristic is the presence of pores that perforate the plates and that are arranged in rhombic series. These pores are supposed to have been connected with the respiratory apparatus. The number of plates in the calyx is very variable, from 10 or 12 to over 100, and as a rule those forms with the lai-gest number of plates show the greatest ir- rcgularit,v in their arrangement. In some of the forms, with less number of plates, these are arranged in regular transverse rows, and the calyx then approaches more nearly the aspect of the simpler forms of crinoids. The arms are absent in many genera of cys- toids. and when present are seldom found at- tached to the calyx. They are never pinnulated like those of the crinoids. though they are com- posed in a similar manner, and are often sup- j)lied with grooves. In those cystoids without free arms there is generally found on the ven- tral surface of the calyx a system of amhulacral furrows that radiate irregularly from the mouth-
