DAEDANELLES. 788 DAB FERTIT. The European shores are steep and sterile, while the Asiatic shores are sloping and fertile. To jjrevent an attack on Constantinople by water from the .Egean, the Dardanelles is strongly fortified on both sides with many guns of large calibre. A treaty concluded between the five great Powers and Turkej' in 1841 arranged that no ship of war belonging to any nation save Turkey should pass the Dardanelles without the express consent of Turkey, and all merchant ships were required to show their papers to the Ottoman authorities. These provisions were con- finned at London in 1871 and at Berlin in 1878, but in 1891, by an agreement with the Porte, Russia secured for her 'volunteer fleet' the right of passage through the Dardanelles. The Darda- nelles is celebrated in ancient history on account of Xerxes and Alexander having crossed it, the former in B.C. 480, to enter Europe, and the latter in D.c. 334 to enter Asia. The point at which Xerxes crossed was in the neighborhood of Abydos, on the Asiatic shore, opposite to Sestos, where the strait is 6500 feet wide. Alex- ander crossed at nearly the same place; and here also, in the ancient legend, young Leander nightly swam across to visit Hero — a feat per- formed in modern times by Lord Byron. DAR'DANI. In Greek legend, a people living on the Hellespont, adjoining the territory of Ilium. Under tlie leadership of .Eneas they were allies of the Trojans, and were so closely identi- fied with them that their name was often used, particularly liy Roman poets, as equivalent to Troj.an. DARDA'NIUS. The servant of Brutus, in Shakespeare's Julius Ccesar: he appears only in act v., scene 5, and refuses to let his master run upon his sword. DAR'DANUS (Lat.. from Gk. AdpSam). The mvthical ruler of the Dardanians (see Dar- DANI), son of Zeus and Electra, the daughter of Atlas. In some legends he is closely connected with Samothrace, and is celebrated as introduc- ing the Samothracian mysteries and the worship of Cybele into Asia Minor. In Roman story he was said to have come to Phrygia from Italy, so that ,^5neas really returned to the home of his ancestors. DARDS (Skt. Dararld. Gk. AdpSai, Dardai, AdpaSpai, Daradrai, or A^pbat, Derdai) . The natives of what is known as Dardistan, a region of Asia between Kafiristan and Baltistan, to -the northwest of Kashmir. The Dards (Dardi, Dardu) belong by language to the Aryan stock. Physically they are of the short-statured doli- chocephalic (or mesocephalic) variety of the white race, rather dark-skinned and black-haired, but presenting also a number of taller and lighter individuals. Among the chief divisions of the Dards are the Chins and the Yeshkuns. The religion of the Dards is now Tslamism, which only recently has superseded Buddhism among them. Surrounded by Asiatics, these Aryans seem to liave preserved some of the primitive social characteristics of their remote ancestors, and in spite of Slongoloid intermixture they have never been completely Orientalized. Since I.eitner's Lnii(juapes and Rarrs of Dardistan (1807-73). the more recent literature of the sub- ject includes Biddulph's Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh (1880) ; De L^jfaU'y's Aus dem wesflichen Himalaya (1884); and Leitner's Hunza and ^ agar Handbook (1893). DARE, Virginia (1.587- ? ). The first child born in America of English parents. She was born at Roanoke, '^'a. (now North Carolina), and was the granddaughter of John White, wlio was sent out by Sir Walter Raleigli as Governor of the colony, wliieh, during the founder's ab- sence in England, disappeared without leaving a trace. DAREDEVIL. A cowardly blasphemer, the hero of Otway's The Atheist, who forgets his boastings when in the face of death. DAR-EL-BEIDA, dar'el-ba'da, or Casa- blanca (Ar., white hou.se). A seaport on the western coast of Morocco, North Africa (Map: Africa, D 1). It is surrounded by walls and has a deep but unprotected roadstead. It has an extensive foreign trade. Its population is estimated at 25,000, including about 19,000 Arabs and only about 400 Christians. DARES, da'rez (Lat.. from Gk. Aipris). A Trojan priest mentioned in the Iliad 5, 9. To him was attributed an account of the destruction of Troy, extant only in a Latin version, but it is very doubtful whether the Latin work ever had a Greek original; if so, it cannot have been older than the Hellenistic period. The Latin version pretends to be the work of Cornelius Nepos, but in reality belongs to the fifth century A.D. ; it is quoted by Isidorus. In the Middle Ages the work was much read in its present form, and together with the work of Dictys (q.v.) of Crete was the basis of a famous romance written b,y Guido delle Colonne (q.v.) in the thirteenth century. The best edition is by Meister (Leipzig, 1873). On the various late versions, consult: Dunger, Die Sage vom troja- nischen Kriege in den Bcarbeitungen des Mittel- alters (Dresden, 1869) ; Kiirting, Dictys und Dares (Halle, 1874). DAR-ES-SALAAM, dar'es-sa-liim'. The capi- tal of German East Africa (q.v.), situated on the coast a few miles .south of Zanzibar (Map: Congo Free State, G 4 ) . It is a progressive town, with a good harbor, a number of churches and .schools and public buildings. It is the seat of the central government of the colony and of the principal commercial houses. There is tele- graph connection with Zanzibar, Tanga, Kilwa, and other important centres in the colony. Its population is about 21,000, including about 360 Europeans and 480 Arabs. DARESTE DE LA CHAVANNE, da'rest' de la sha'van', Antoise Elisabeth Cleopii.s (1820-82). A French historian, born in Paris. He occupied the chair of history successivelj' at the Collfege de Rennes, the College Stanislas in Paris, the University of Grenoble, and that of Lyons, with which he remained associated in that capacity for more than twenty years. His partiality to the Catholic interests, however, eventually compelled his resignation, in 1878. His principal publication is the Histoire de France (2d cd.. 7 vols, and suppl., 1879), a work distinguished by remarkable accuracy and pro- found scliolarship. DAR FERTIT, dar ffr-tet'. A region in the Egy))tian Sudan (q.v.). situated south of Darfur. in the upper part of the basin of the Bahr-el- Ghazal (Jlap: Congo, D 1). It is a country rick
