DIANA. 204 DIANE DE FRANCE. mon niiiiie of origiiuiUy diverse local divinities. Even llie Greek name is .still iine.Kpluined. In many phases of her cult, ArU-niis appears as a nature-jioiidess, as brin;L'in^' fruilfulness, and as worshiped on mountains and in meadows or saered groves, or even as eoniuvted with the swamps and streams, or with huslmndry. Jlore prominent in the literature and art is the eon- eeption of Artemis as ruler and friiardian of the animal world, not merely of deer, bear, and other wild ereatures, liut also of domestic cattle, for the hull is one of her chosen victims, and the bucolic poetry of the shepherds is said to have arisen at her festivals. Artemis (sometimes directly identified with Eileithyia) was sup- po'icd to protect women in childbirth ; she also watched over tlic growth of children. To her they olfered their hair on attainini; matvirity. and the maidens, before marriage, dedicated their toys, dolls, and f^arnients. Hut Artemis does not always appear as the friendly deity. She is also n goddess of death, especially in the case of women, whom she slays with her gentle arrows as Apollo does men. In this aspect, she de- manded human sacrifices, and there are nume- rous traces of such bloody rites in such (Ireok legends as that of Iphigenia, and in later spu- bolism. See Myth ; JlyTiiOLocy. DIANA. ( 1 ) In DT'rfe's Anln'e, a character suggested by Monteniayor's Diana Enamorada. (2 1 In Shakespeare's AIVk lie// that Ends Iff//, the daughter of the widow, who. through Ber- tram's love for her, reconciles him with Helena. DIANA, Tempijj of. A magnificent structure at Ephesus, built at the public charge, and re- corded as one of the seven wonders of the world. The site was early the seat of the worship of the Asiatic nature-goddess, whom the (Jreeks iden- tified with Artemis, and legend told of many temples burned before the Ephesians, in the si.xth century n.c. began the earlier of the two famous temples. Chersiphron. of Cnosus, was the chief architect, and the work was continued by his son iletagenes. According to Pliny, 120 years elapsed before it was conii]Ieted, but the state- ment is somewhat (h)ubtfnl. as it seems clear that the sculptured bases of the columns and the frieze and cornice belong to the same era. the time of King Cnrsus (q.v.). who contributed largely to the building. This temple was biirned in B.C. 350 by a certain Herostratus, who wished to imninrtalizc himself; and the myth-mongers asserted that the fire occurred on the night when Alexander the Great was born. The fire seems to have destroyed only a part of the temple, and its reconstruction was at once begun, under the direction of Dinocrates (q.v.). This temple seems to have been plundered and perhaps burned by the Goths in A.D. '2')2. Of these struc- tures, some remains were found by J. T. Wood, who conducted excavations at Ephesus from 18G3 to 1k;4, though not till 18G0 was the true site determined. The lower platform was 418 feet IVj inches by 2.S!) feet 4i'j inches, while the top of the stylohate measured .142 fcc't (I'j inches by 10.3 feet 9V. inches. This was 10 feet lOK, inches above the lower platform. The temple hail two rows of eight columns each across the front, and probably two rows of 20 columns each on the sides, counting corner columns twice. The columns were about 00 feet high, of the Ionic order, and 36 of them had the lower drums sculp- tured in relief. The sculptures and fragments of the architecture of both the earlier and later temples are uow in the British Museum. The material hardly sullices for a satisfactory restoration, and the schemes proposed differ widely in details. Consult: Wood. Itixvovcrics at Ephesus (London. 1877): Ferguson, "The Temple of Diana at Ephesus," in Transactions of lioijal hislilulc of liritish Anhilcrts (Lon- don, 1883) ; and Murray, ".Sculptured Columns of the Temple of Diana at Ephesus." in .lournal of the Jtniial Institute of British Architects (London, 1895). DIANA AND ACTJE'ON. A painting by I'ilian (l,"!.')!!). now lianging in ISridgewater House, London. It represents the goddess sur- prised by the hunter, in the midst of her ablu- tions. DIANA AND CALLIS'TO. A inyHiological jiicture by Titian, in the Bridgewnler collection. It represents the detection of the Arcadian hunt- ress's shame. DIANA ENAMORADA, d^-ii'nft :-i'nft-mft- rJi'iKi (8p.. enaiMoreil Diana). An extremely popular ])astoral ronuince. by .Jorge de Monte- mayor, first printed at Valencia in 1542: left incomplete, and finished in 15(54 by Antonio Perez of Salamanca. DIANA MONKEY. A well-known monkey (Ccrrniiitlif ciis Diiiiia) of the west coast of Africa, which takes its name from ii crescent of upstanding white hair on the forehead. Its gen- eral color is black, with the ridge of the back and the rump bay color, sharply <iefined and strik- ingly set oil by the ]Hire white of all the fore parts, including a long lieard. Like its congener, the Mona monkey, this guenon (q.v.) is gentle and easily tamed when young: but it is rarely seen in menageries on aciount of its delicacy.. See Plati' of MoNKKV.s oi' riiK Old Worlo. DIANA OF VERSAILLES, ver-s;-il/.'. The most celebrated extant statue of Artemis, from Hadrian's villa at Tivoli. now in the Louvre. The huntress is shown stepping quickly forward and about to draw an arrow from the quiver. DIANA 'WITH HER NYMPHS. A famous ])ainting by Dunicuichino. in llie Borghese Gal- Ie^^•, Rome. It represents the huntresses of Greek myth returning with the spoils of the chase. DIANE DE FRANCE, d.'an' d, friiNs, DrCllE.SSE DE MoNTMOKEMY ET Ii'.VnoOII.CME ( 1538-l(!in). A rrench lady, born in Piedmont. Her father was Hcnrv' II. of Trance and her mother. Eillipa Duea. a hiw-born Piedmontese of great beauty, whom he met during the campaign in It-aly (1537). Diane was educated in France and solemnly legitimatized, and always after- wards signed herself Diane de France. She was the favorite daiighter of her father, and was married with much pomp to Orazio Farnese, Due de Castro, second son of the Duke of Panna (1553). Six months latiT this prince was killed by the Spanish at Hesdin. Four years after- wards Diane was married to Fram.nis de Mont- morency, the eldest son of the Constable. I'pon his death she declined to enter agiiin into matri- mony, and turned her attention to pious deeds and the delicate role of mediator in the differ- ences between the members of her family. Her gentleness and real goodness, in a time so corrupt.
