DEAF MUTE. 20 DEAK. On right side of line On both sides of line At top of li At bottom At both eud8 of line a of lint* ( I )• ^Ofl a (rout of muutU. mixed back and front. , mid elevation. A cross bar on a line denotes rounding or contraction of the lips. Thus: f 1 } The symbols havp tlu* same value iu all languages. Con- sequently, when the ineaning- of the symbols is known, the sound ol any language may be deduced with certainty (rom their visible speech writing. St.tistics. The number of deaf imites l)ears a certain relation to the population, being far greater in countries wherein squalor, privation, or medical ignorance and unhygienic conditions prevail. The ratio of deaf mutes to population is as follows, for the difl'erent countries named: Sardinia, 1 to 700; Ivova Scotia, 1 to 880; Ire- laud and Norway, 1 to 070; France. 1 to 1200; Prussia, 1 to 1675; England, 1 to 1970; Holland, 1 to 2000; United States. 1 to 2400. BliiLiOGKAPHY. A. (Iraham Bell, Deaf Mute Instruction in Relation to the Work of the Public Schools (Washington, D. C, 1884) ; Garrett, Di- rections to Parents of Deaf Children (Washing- ton, D. C, 1886) ; Peet, The Famili/ Instruction of the Deaf in Earlt/ Childhood (Washington. D. C, 1886) ; E. M.' Gallaudet, The Combined System of Educating the Deaf (Washington, D. C, 1891). Gordon's Notes and Obserrations Upon the Education of the Deaf (Washington, D. C. 1802) contains statistical information touching the American public and private schools for deaf mules. DEAFNESS (AS. deaf, OHG. touj), Ger. taub, Goth, danbs; deaf; probably originally dull of sense; cf. MHG. tnnip, stupid. OHG. tnnib, deaf, dumb, Gk. Tvip>6s, ty/ihlos, blind). Com- plete or partial imperfection of hearing that may afi'ect both ears or one. may and may not date from birth, and may be either permanent or tem- porary. Among the numerous possible causes of deafness, the following deserve mention here: ( 1 ) Wa,x in the ear touching the drum mem- brane; (2) .swelling of the lining membrane of the Eustachian tubes, the canals that lead from the upper part of the throat to the middle ear, one on each side: (.'!) perforation of the drum membrane; (4) middle-ear disease, during which exudation accompanying inflammation collects behind the drum membrane, or about the ossicles (the small bontw of the ear), or during which adhesions form between the ossicles, stiffening their joints so that they cannot move freely against each other; (5) internal-ear disease, either labyrinthine trouble or affection of the eighth nerve; (U) diseases of the brain involving some of the auditory centres; (7) mumps, measles, scarlet fever, and sonie other diseases, are ac- companied by middle-ear disease; (S) quinine and the salicylates cause temporary deafne-s ; (9) sutUlen concussion sometimes ruptures the drum of the ear, and constant noise, like that in a boiler-sho]). injures the auditory nerve from over-excital ion. The treatment of deafness depends of course upon its cause. Wax should be removed by syringing or curetting. Closure of the Eusta- chian tubes is treated by catheterization and local applications. In cases of perforation, the drum ma}' grow again, after the cure of middle- ear disease, or may be remedied by the applica- tion of a paper disk. Middle-ear diseases may be cured by treatment through the Eustachian tubes, or may necessitate the operation of tre- phining through the skull back of the external ear. The ossicles may be removed in part, leav- ing the foot plate of the stirrupbonc in position, closing the oval window in the labyrinth, and clearing out the remains of the drum mem- brane: in which case the waves of sound strike the stirrup-plate in place of the drum uicmbrane and are conducted to the nerve-filaments. Inter nal-ear disease may be relieved by internal med- ication, but is generally permanent. See E.R: Deaf Mute; Nervous System. DEAK, de'ak, Ferencz (Francis) (1803-70). An Hungarian statesman, born at Siijtor, in the County of Zala. He studied law at Raab. prac- ticed as an advocate in his native county, and soon became noted for his eloquence and enlight- ened patriotism. Elected in 1832 to the National Diet, Deak, as leader of the Liberal opposition, resisted every attempt of the Imperial Govern- ment to infringe on the constitutional rights of Hungary. At the same time he labored for its internal improvement, promoting measures foi the elevation of the peasantry, and advocated the abolition of exemption from taxes enjoyed by the nobility, of which be was himself a member. His views on the last point displeased a portion of his constituents, and he declined to serve in the Diet- of 1843-44. but he continued to direct the policy of the Moderate Liberal Party. After the devolution of Jlarch, 1848, he became Min- ister of .Justice in the Cabinet of Count Bat- thyflnyi (q.v. ), and formed the project of effect- ing a general reform in the administration of justice in Hungary, which, liowcver. the revolu- tionary war rendered impossible. Peak used every effort to ward off the struggle and to arrive at an arrangement with Austria. When the rupture seemed inevitable and the Committee of Defense was formed, with Kossuth at its head. Deflk resigned his portfolio. At the close of 1848 he was sent to the cam]) of the .-Vustrian commander, Windischgriitz, to negotiate for peace, but the attempt failed. DeAk was arrested, but was soon released and took up his abode at Pest. Tlumgh repeatedly imited to act as mediator be- tween the dynasty and the Hungarian nation, Deftk did iu)t return to public life until 1800. when Francis .Toseph jiromised to restore to Hun- gary its constitutional liberties. Returned by the city of Pest to the Diet in 1801. he became the acknowledged leader in that assembly. In May the Diet appointed him to draw up the ad- dress to the Emperor. This iuldress demanded the restor:ition of the Constitution of 1848, and an independent Hungarian Ministry. The Em- peror thereupon announced the dissolution of the
