DREYFUS. 463 DRIFTWAY. protect the ofiBcers of the army at the expense of Dreyfus was inaiutained. The members of the lourt martial uiiiled in a rotoiiiincndation of nierty, and on September I'Jth the prisoner was pardoned by President J-oiibet. Tlie Dreyfus case was farreadiing in its eflfect upon French affairs. It divided and wrecked the Brisson Ministry of 1898: it seemed for a time likely to furnish a rallying point for mon- archist agitation; it exposed a state of gross corruption in the Frendi army : and it pre- sented grave possibilities of trouble with Ger- many and Italy, which were the countries natu- rally suspected of the bribery of a French oliiccr. In lS!t6, both the German and Italian Governments had denied, through diplomatic channels, in the most emphatic manner, having Iiad any dealings with Dreyfus, il. Zola was con- demned to a year's imprisonment, July 18, 1808, for liis protest against the travesty of justice involved in the whole management of the case, and went into exile to escape imprisonment. Esterliazy, after he was dismissed from the sen- ice, went to London, and made a confession through the London Clironicle, June 2, 1899, that he wrote the horde leuu by order of Colonel Sandlierr, assistant chief of the intelligence de- partment. This confession was ascribed by the anti-Dreyfus party to bribery by the friends of Dreyfus. The impression has generally prevailed among unprejudiced persons and in other coun- tries than France, that Dreyfus was unfairly tried, unjustly convicted on manufactured evi- dence, and that justice was refused him by officers high in authority for personal and politi- cal reasons. In December, 1900. in order that the matter might be finally disposed of. an amnesty bill was passed by the Government re- lieving every one concerned of any further lia- bility to criminal prosecution. This was opposed by the friends of Dreyfus. Picquart. and Zola, who demanded a full vindication. It was de- clared on behalf of the Government that the army had been so embittered by the affair that no court-martial could be depended on to give an unprejudiced verdict, and that, for the safety of France, all further agitation of the question must cease. BiBLiOGR.vpHT. Contemporary literature con- tains many discussions of the affair. An ex- cellent review of the case up to that date appeared in the London Times for October 1-3, 1808. Captain Dreyfus, after his release, pub- lished the story of hi~ experiences in a volume which appeared simultaneously in several coim- tries. The English translation was entitled, Fife Years of Mij Life (Xcw York. 1901). He also published letters to his wife, translated by Moreau (London, 1899), and Con-ieil de fjuerre de Rennes (Paris, 1901). Consult, in addition: Barlow, Historti of the Ttreiifus fane, from the Arrest of Captain Dreyfus in ISO.'i to the Flight of Ksterhazy in J8US (London. ISOfil : Cony- hcare. The Dreirfus Case (London. ISOSt : Guvon, The Dreyfus Case (London. 1898) : Znla. The Dreyfus Case (London. 1898) ; Steevens, The Tragedy of Dreyfus (London. 1899) ; in French. !Marin. Dreyfus: Comptes-rendus ofpeiels (Paris. 1897): Vanex. Dossier de I'af- faire Dreyfus (Paris. 1S98) : Brez, Le solMsme dn hordereau el Us lelfres de Dreyfus (Paris, 1898) : Esterhfizy, Les dessous de Vaffaire Drey- fus (Paris, 1898); Clf-menceau, Vers la repara- tion (Paris, 1899) : id., Contre la justice (Paris, 1900) ; Comely, Soles sur Vaffaire Dreyfus (Paris, 1898) ; Guyot, L'innocent et le traitrc: Dreyfus ct Esterhdzy (Paris, 1898); Jaur&s, Les preuvcs dans Vaffaire Dreyfus (Paris. 1898); Villeraar, Dreyfus intime (Paris, 1808). See Zoi-Y. DREYSCHOCK, dri'shok. Au:x.NnER (1818- 09). A Bohemian ])ianist, born at Zach, Bohemia. As a pupil of Tonuischek, at Prague, he developed a technique marvelous for his time. "The man has no left hand. He has tw'o right hands," was J. B. Cramer's exclamation after hearing hinv play. In 1828 he began concert touring, and con- tinued to do so successfully for twenty years. In 1802 he was appointed a professor in the Con- servatory of Jlusic at Saint Petersburg, where he remained until 18G8, when failing health coni- pelled him to go to Italy. His compositions are of the salon order and unimportant. He died in Venice. DREYSE, dri'ze, .Joiiaxx Xikol.is vox (ITST-ISOT). A CJerman inventor. He was born in Saxony: sened an apprenticeship with his father, a locksmith ; and then worked for a time in a musket-factory in Paris. In 181-1 he founded an ironware factory in SOmmerda and became interested in the manufacture of tirearms. In 1827 he invented a muzzle-loading, and in 183G a breech-loading needle gun. the adoption of which by the Prussian Army four years later led to his founding an extensive gun and ammunition fac- tory. He was ennobled in 1864. DRIFT (from AS. drifan, Icel. drlfa, Goth. drieban, OHG. triban, G!er. ireiban, to drive), or Glaci.l DRirx. A name applied to glacial deposits in general that were formed during the Pleistocene period. The great ice-sheets which at that time covered the northern parts of North America, Europe, and Asia were efficient agents of erosion and transportation. Vast masses of loose materials, including earth, sand, and stones, were conveyed on their surface or in their lower portions, and on the retreat of the ice the ma- terials were left behind as a compact, structure- less deposit of variable thickness. The drift is variously called 'till.' 'boulder clay,' 'ground mo- raine,' and "older diluvium.' It quite frequently occurs in ridges or hillocks (drumlins. kanies, and eskers). in the formation of which the action of streams that resulted from tlie melting of the ice is apparent. The stones in drift have a char- acteristic appearance and surface. They are usually of oblong shape, highly polished, and have rounded edges. When the rock is fine-grained, numerous striie may be seen running parallel to the longer axis of the fragment. Sometimes the stones have been transported long distances. The peculiar syenite known as 'laurvikite.' which oc- curs in the vicinity of Lauirig. in southern Nor- way, has been found in the drift of Dennark. in Germany, and even in Yorkshire. England. Drift deposits, when separated by an intervening stratum of non-glacial material, show changing conditions as to the advance and retreat of the ice-sheet. See Gl.cikr; Gl.ci.l Period; Bofi.nER Ct.w: DRrMi.ix; Esker. DRIFT OF A PROJECTILE. See B.llis- Tics. (-[iciially the section on I'.j-lerior Hnllisties. DRIFTWAY (AS. drifan, to drive). A right of way fur driving cattle. Such a right exists,.
