DTJSTYFOOT. See Court; Law MEKcnAM; Piepowdeh; Staple. DUSYANTA, doo-shyan'ta. In Kalidasa's drama tiuLuntala, the husband of the heroine. He is of the lunar race, a descendant of Paru, and father of Bharata. DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY. A tradinjj company t■l>nlll<l^cll of smallfr companies which were united in 1U02. Its privileges in- cluded a monopoly of trade beyond the Cape of Good Hope and the Strait of JIagellan, and the power of making treaties, maintaining military forces, and founding forts. Bat;ivia, in Java, be- came the capital of the Dutch East Indies in 1019. During the seventeenth century the eom- panj' was very powerful in the Indian Arehi- ])elago and in South .Africa. Its existence was terminated in 1705. See East India Company. DUTCH EAST INDIES. A name applied to the Dutch possessions in the Malay Archipelago lying between latitudes 6° X. and 11° S.. and between longitudes O.'i" and 141° E. (Map: Aus- tralasia, D 3). They comprise the following islands and groups: 550 DUTCH LANGUAGE. DUTCH GUIANA. See Gihana. Island of Sumatra Java aod Madura Sumatra, West Coast. Sumatra, East Coast. Benkulen Lampougs Paleuibaug Atjch (Achin) Riau Llnj^ga Archipelago Bauca Billiton Borneo. We.^t Coast Borneo, South and Ea«b Districts Island o( J Celebes Celebes / Menado Molucea Islands Timor ,rchipelago Bali and Lombok New Guinea to 141° E. long Total.. .rea : English Sq. miles 60,551 31.M9 35,312 9,399 11,284 53,497 20,471 16,301 4.44G 1,863 55,825 156.912 49,390 22.080 4:i,S64 17,698 4,065 151,789 736,399 Population in 1897 26,125,053 1,353,315 335,432 158,767 137,501 692,317 531,705 107,fi61 93,600 41,538 370.775 809,803 1,448,722 549,138 399.208 119.239 1.044.757 200,000 34,518,761 The population figures are in many cases based on conjecture, as verj' little is known about a large portion of the archipelago, although it is all nominally under Dutch control. The Euro- pean population numbers about 70,000, mostly Dutch; about 500,000 are Chinese, A^rabs, and other Orientals, The government is adminis- tered by a Governor-General appointed by the Crown, assisted by a council of five members, whose duties are partly legislative and partly advisory. For the purposes of administration the colony is divided into twenty-five residencies, of which some are under the direct supervision of Duteli residents, while others are under the rule of native chiefs advised by Dutch officials. The capital is Batavia, For further information, con- sult articles on separate islands and groups. BiBLioGKAPiiY. Bemmelen and Hooyer, Guide to the Dutch East Indies (London, 1807) : Berg, The rinaiicial and Economical Condition of etherlands India (The Hague, 1895) ; Chailley- Bert, I.a TJiiUande el left fonctionnaircs des In- des y ferlandaises (Paris. 1893) : Cool, With the Dutch in the East (London, 1897) : Van der Lith and Spaan, Encyclopedic van Nederlandsch Indie (Leyden, 1895). DUTCH LANGUAGE. Dutch is the lan- guage of tlio inliabilants of the Netherlands and, in a strongly marked dialectic form, of the Boers in South Africa. It was also in general use in and about JSew York long after the cession of the province to the English. The name Dutch is derived from Dietsch, meaning the vernacular, as distinguished from Latin. It is the same word as the German Deutsch, with which it is sometimes confounded, as in Pennsylvania Dutch and in the ordinary speech of imeducated per- sons. The Dutch themselves call their language Xederlandsch, while in German it is called Hol- landisch. Dutch belongs to the Low Frankish division of the Low German, and is very closely related to the Flemish, with which it is now practically identical in its written form. Like English, the language may be divided into three main periods: ( 1) Old Dutch, extending to about 1100. The only important monument of this period that has been preserved is a translation of the Psalter. (2) Middle Dutcli, from 1100 to 15.50. The language during this period suf- fered similar changes in sounds and inflections to those that can be observed in the contem- porary English. As in English, no standard written form of the language was at first recog- nized, but each writer used his own dialect. In the thirteenth century a determined effort was made to assert the claims of a literary Dutch, the leader in the movement being .Jacob van JIaerlant (1235-1.300). But in spite of all ef- forts the use of individual dialects continued. (3) Modern Dutch extends from 1550 to the present day. The most important single event in the history of the language during this period was the publication (lfil9-37) of the Staten- bijbel, the authorized version of the Scriptures, winch did much to s])read the use of this form of Dutch in the Low Countries. The effect of this translation was similar to that of Luthei-'s ver- sion ujion High German, in establishing a stand- ard of language and orthography that was generally recognized as authoritative. ' During the eighteenth century the efforts to purify the language were carried to an absurd extent, and it therefore suffered greatly from the mistaken zeal of its users. During the nineteenth cen- tury a saner view of the spirit, based upon a more intelligent study of granunar and philology, has given greater freedom of expression. Dur- ing the past forty years efforts have been made to reform the orthography and to effect uni- formity of usage in Holland and Belgium, the present svstem bavins been adopted in Belgium in 1R64 and in Holland in 1883. The Dutch language is in its structure practi- cally the same as the other members of the Ger- manic group of dialects. It belongs in its pho- nology' to the Low German division, .so that its consonants agree in general with the English (Dutch tc. English in, German r»). Its orthog- raphy is somewhat awkward, and doe's not repre- sent the sounds of the language (e.g. oc = i7). In inflection and in syntax Dutch corresponds closely to German, It is written in the Roman alphabet, and coincides in the use of capitals almost exactly with English. The standard modern Dutch dictionary is Woordenhoek der yedcrlandxche Tnnl. edited by de Vries and others (The Hague, 1864 et
