EFERNON. 136 EPHESIANS. III., whose most influential favorite he bi and by whom wealth and titles were lavishly be- stowed upon him. He was originally a stanch de- i of absolute monarchy, hostile toward any concession to the estates, and the foe most dreaded by the Catholic League. In 1587 he was appoint- ed Governor of Normandy, but in 158S the League prevailed upon the King to send him into exile at Loches. Despite this reverse of fortune he remained faithful. In 1506 he was made Gover- by Henry IV., and in 1622 was transferred to Gurgenne. Meanwhile his political attitude had diametrically changed, and he had boldest exponent of the independence of the provincial noblesse. He thus stood op- to the concentration policy of Richelieu, by whom he was finally banished to Loches in 1641. Consult the biography by Montbuson (Paris, ETHAH (Heb. ephah, Copt, oipi, from Copt. epi, to measure. 6pi, to count > . A dry measure of the ancient Hebrews. It contained ten outers or tli ree scabs — about four English pecks. EPHAR'MONY (from Gk. Art, epi, upon + apuovia, harmonia, harmony, from ap/i6fai>, har- ■i. to fit). The state of the adapted plant, as manifested in the plant form. See Ecology. EPHE'BTJS (Lat.. from Gk. g^/Sos, from M, epi, upon + jJ/Si/, hebe, youth). Among the an- cient Greeks, a youth who has just attained man- hood, which was commonly reckoned to commence at the sixteenth year. In Athenian constitutional law. it denoted one who had attained his major- ity, but was not yet a full citizen, i.e. one who had begun his eighteenth, but not attained his twentieth year. These ephebi entered upon their manhood by taking an oath of allegiance and de- m t inn to the fatherland in the Temple of Aglau- ros, and fur the next two years were trained in military exercises and employed in garrison duty. When this custom was introduced is not certain, but in a rudimentary form it is likely to have existed from the time of the Persian wars. In iter pari of the fourth century B.C., probably -non after the battle of Clneronea (b.c 338), the institution was put on a firmer basis. di cribed by Aristotle in his work on iii i onstitution of Lthens. At the head was a cosmStSs ( Koir/iijTiji- ) , eleeted by the Assembly, while the ephebi of each tribe were under the di upervision of a >oplironi'>tes(o , w0/xw(7Tj)j), who was elected by the people from three men over forty vein- .0 age, nominated by the fathers of the hoys. The first year was given to instruction in gymnastics, the drill, and weapons of heavy and light armed infantry, and the management of the artillery engine-. At the end of the year they hii Id spear, and military cloak from the Slide, and wen- assigned to garrison duty in and police dutj a1 the Assembly, Wter the fourth century the institution underwent many changes, which are reflected in the numer- i praise of the ephebi and their officers, which may be found in the Corpus In- n, vols. ii. and iii. l and more the militai i tri ng sank into I he com pul orj i haracter i State sys- ■ i he wealthy, The ephebi had i • oh baths and apparently librai I d, and there was also iogei n for boys over sixteen, who were preparing to enter on the ephebic course. Full details of this interesting institution, which was imitated in other Greek States, can be found in Dumont, L'Ephebie at- 1i(/ue (Paris, 1875); Girard, in Darcmberg and Saglio. Dirtionnaire des antiquitcs (Paris, 1892); Dittenberger, De Ephebi k Alticis (Got- tingen, 1863) ; Grasberger, Erziehiing und Vnter- richt im klassischen Altertum, vol. iii. (Wiirz- burg. 1881). EPH'EDRA. A genus of about 30 species of low, often prostrate, sometimes climbing, many- branched shrubs, natives of North Africa, south- ern Europe, Asia, and subtropical America. The green branches, which somewhat resemble the stems of Equisetum, bear small, scale-like sheath- ing leaves and inconspicuous flowers. In some species the fruit is decorative. Being somewhat susceptible to frost, the members of this genus are little grown except where they are not likely to suffer from cold. They succeed best upon dry, sandy, and rocky slopes, and are easily propa- gated by seed, suckers, or layers. For illustra- tion, see Gymnospebms. EPHEM'ERA (Neo-Lat., from Gk. c<pjuepa, daily, from 4wi, epi, upon + ■o/je'pa, hemera, day), or Febris Diaria. A fever which lasts only a -ingle day, or part of a day, and is generally de- pendent on auto-infection from toxins, caused by fermenting food in the digestive tract. It hardly requires any other treatment than the removal of the cause with a cathartic. See Febbicula. EPH'EMER'IDA (Neo-Lat., from Lat. ephe- merit, Gk. iip-q/iep/s, journal, from ftpiipepos, ephe- meras, daily). An order of insects, allied to the dragon-flies, and noted for their very brief exist- ence as adults; hence they are often called day- flies. See May-Fly. EPHEM'ERIS (Lat., from Gk. ktpniiepls, jour- nal). A name applied to astronomical alma- nacs, containing data for each day. It is mostly confined to astronomical tables giving the daily places of the sun, moon, planets, and fixed stars, together with other phenomena of the heavens. The most important works of the kind at present are published under governmental su- pervision. They T include the French Connais- sance des Temps, the English Nautical Almanac, the Berlin Astronomisches Jahrbuch, and the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac. See l MAN AC. EPH'ESI'ACA (Lat., from Gk.'E0flir«o«l,Epfte- siaka, relating to Ephesus, from"E0e<ror, Ephesos, Ephesus), or Epiiesian Tales. A Greek ro- om nee by Xeiiophon of Ephesus, relating the love- story of Abroeomas and Anthia. In this tale is found the earliest source of the story of Romeo and Juliet. EPHESIANS, Epistle to the. One of the New Testament group of Paul's Epistles. It is addressed to the Christians at Ephesus, the prin- cipal city of western Asia Minor. The question of its authorship, however, is debated, necessitat- ing a careful study of the material which it presents. Assuming, as a working hypothesis for BUch study, the claim of Paulinity involved in the epistle's address (i. 1), the following facts would seem to be clear: (1) A generality of tone involving :i larger circle of renders than any one individual church mid fmni the apparent unac-
