ELM-INSECTS. 9 ELMSLEY. or if it be neglected, the trees should l>e sprayed with arsenieals promptly un the first appearance of the larvte, and the application perhaps re- newed a week or ten days later, especially if rains have intervened." ELMI'RA. A city and county-seat of Che- mung County, N. Y., 100 miles southeast of Rochester, on the Chemung River, and on the Erie, the Lackawanna, the Northern Central (Pennsylvania System), and the Lehigh Valley railroads (Map: New York, D 3). It has the New York State Reformatory, a State armory, Elmira Free Academy, Elmira College (q.v.), a United States Government building, accom- modating the post-office, Federal courts, etc., Steele Memorial Free Library, Arnot-Ogden Memorial Hospital, and homes for orphans and the aged. A monument to the Rev. T. K. Beecher is one of the features of the city. Eldridge, Hoffman, Wisner, and Riverside parks are worthy of mention. Elmira is noted for the ex- tent and variety of its manufactures, the chief industrial plants being rolling-mills, railroad- car shops, iron and steel bridge works, steel-plate works, boot and shoe factories, hardwood finish- ing works, table-factories, bicycle-factories, silk- mills, glass-factories, knitting-mills, fire-engine works, engine and boiler works, dye-works, lu- bricator-factories, tobacco and cigar factories, leaf-tobacco warehouses, door, sash, and blind factories, breweries, etc. The city government is administered under the charter of 1804 by a mayor, chosen every two years, and a unicameral city council. Besides the executive and abler- men, there are elected by the people the recorder, city judge, and twelve supervisors to act as a county board. Population, in 1890. 30,893; in 1900, 35,672. Near the site of Elmira, now marked by a monument to General Sullivan, was fought, August 29, 1779, the battle of Newtown, in which General Sullivan with an American army of 5000 defeated a force of Indians and Tories led by Sir John Johnson and Joseph Brant, and numbering about 1500. First perma- nently settled in 1788, and incorporated as the village of Newtown in 1815, then re-incorpo- rated as the village of Elmira in 1828, Elmira became the county-seat in 183G, and was char- tered as a city in 1864. In 1861 it was chosen as the State military rendezvous, and in 1864-65 had one of the Northern prisons for Confederate prisoners. ELMIRA COLLEGE. An educational institu- tion for women, situated in Elmira, N. Y. The college received its charter in 1855, and was the first institution exclusively for women which had as high a standard as colleges for men. It is under Presbyterian control. The college confers the de- grees of bachelor of arts, bachelor of science, and master of arts upon students of classical and scientific courses, and bachelor of music upon students of music. The average attendance is 150 in the college and 100 in the school of music. The library contains 8000 volumes. The property of the college is valued at $230,000. There is a fund of $25,000 for the aid of needy students. ELMIRA REFORMATORY. An institu- tion situated in Elmira, N. Y. It is the State re- formatory for men between the ages of sixteen and thirty, who have not been previously com- mitted to a State prison. Regarding the term of imprisonment the law states: "Every sen- tence . . . shall be a general sentence to imprisonment in the New York State Reforma- tory at Elmira and the courts nf this State . . . imposing such sentence shall not fix or limit the duration thereof. The term of such imprisonment . . . shall be terminated by the managers of the reformatory, . . . but such imprisonment shall not exceed the maxi- mum term provided by law for the crime for which the prisoner was convicted and sentenced." (Laws of 1877, sec. 2, c. 173.) The institution was opened in 1876, though the law authorizing it was enacted in 1866. Its establishment intro- duced a new era in prison science. It has had great success and has been widely copied. In comprehensiveness and adaptation of training to individual needs it is unequaled. It has cared for 9000 prisoners. The average number of in- mates in 1901 was 1500, and the average yearly cost per inmate $140. See Brockway, Z. R. ; Penology: Reformatories. Consult: Winter, The Elmira Reformatory (New York, 1891); Wines, Punishment and Reformation (New York, 1895) ; and the Year Books of the Reformatory. ELMIRE, el-mer'. The handsome wife of Orgon in Moli&re's Tartufe, whose virtue is ex- posed to the insulting proposals of Tartufe by the fatuity of her husband, but whose wit finally rids the family of that hypocritical guest. EL'MORE, Alfred (1815-81). An English painter. He was born at Clonakilty, County of Cork, and was educated at the Royal Academy, London, and at Paris, Munich, and Rome. His first successful pictures were "Ilienzi in the Forum" (1844; prize awarded by the Liverpool Academy), and the Invention of the Stocking Loom" (1847), which is frequently reproduced in the form of woodcuts and engravings. His other works, which, though sometimes lacking in finish, are distinguished by dramatic expression, include "Griselda" (1850); "Charles V. at Juste" (1856; bought at the Lee sale in 1883 for £1412) ; "Mary Queen of Scots and Darnley" (1877) ; "John Alden and Priscilla" (1878). EL'MO'S FIRE, Saint (from Saint Elmo, Bishop of Formise, in Italy, who died about 304, and is invoked by sailors on the Mediterranean during storms) . The' popular name of an appear- ance sometimes seen, especially in southern cli- mates, during thunder-storms, of a brush or star of light at the tops of masts, spires, or other pointed objects. It is sometimes accompanied by a hissing noise, and is of the same nature as the light caused by electricity streaming off from points connected with an electrical machine. The phenomenon, as seen at sea, was woven by the Greeks into the myth of Castor and Pollux ; and even yet such lights at the masthead are con- sidered by sailors a sign that they have nothing to fear from the storm. See Atmospheric Elec- tricity. ELMSHORN, elmsliorn. A town in the Prus- sian Province of Schleswig-Holstein, 24 miles northwest of Hamburg, situated on the navigable Krtickau (Map: Prussia, C 2). It manufactures leather goods, boots and shoes, hats, mineral waters, and soaps. There are also iron-foundries, dveing establishments, and ship-building works. Population, in 1890, 9803; in 1900, 13,640. ELMSLEY, elmz'li, Peter (1773-1825). An English classical scholar. He was educated at Westminster School, and at Merton College,
