ESCHER VON DEB LINTH. 204 ESCOLAR. Escher was regarded as a benefactor of the Commonwealth, and officially granted the sur- name 'Von der Linth.' Consult the study by Hottinger (1852). ESCHRICHT, esh'rlKt, Daniel Frederik (1798-1863). A Danish physiologist and zoolo- gist. He was born at Copenhagen, studied medi- cine there, and after practicing as a physician for three years, took a supplementary course in physiology and comparative anatomy in Germany and France. He was professor at Copenhagen from 1836 until his death, when his valuable col- lection was acquired by the Zoological Museum. His investigations covered an extensive field. Among his "principal publications are: Haand- bog i Physiologic (new ed. 1851); and Folke- lige Foredrag (1855-59). ESCHSCHOLTZ, esh'sh<s, Johann Fried- Kicii (1793-1831). A Russian naturalist and traveler. He was born at Dorpat. where he studied medicine. In 1815 he made a tour of the world with Otto von Kotzebue and Adelbert von Chamisso, collecting a great number of zo- ological specimens and making important scien- tific investigations. The results of this voyage were published in Kotzebue's Entdeckungsreise in die Siidsee und Beringstrasse (1821), to which Eschscholtz contributed a number of valuable articles. After his return in 1S19 he was appointed extraordinary professor of anatomy in Dorpat, and in 1823 he again accompanied Kotzebue on a voyage around the world. The exten-ive collection acquired during these tours was presented by Esch- scholtz to the University of Dorpat in 1826. He later published a catalogue of the 2400 animals of this collection in 'vol. ii. of Kotzebue's ,,ie Reise urn die Welt (1830). A botanical species, Eschscholtzia, was named in his honor by Chamisso. and Eschscholtz Bay, an inlet of Kotzebue S uind. on the coast of Alaska, per- petuates his achievements as an explorer. His principal work is the Zoologiseher Atlas, enthal- tend Ybbildungen und Beschreibung neuer Tier- arten (5 parts. 1S29-33). ESCHSCHOLTZIA, esh-sholtsl-a (Xeo-Lat, named in honor of J. F. Eschscholtz, a Ger- man naturalist and traveler). A genus of plants of the natural order Papaveraeese. Eschscholtzia Californica, Hie California poppy, and other species, natives of California and Arizona, have now become very common in our flower-gardens, making a showy appearance with their large deep-yellow (lower-. This plant has a remarkable calyx, which, much resembling in its form the extinguisher of a candle, separates from the dilated apex of the flower-stalk, and is lifted and thrown off by 11"' expanding Bower. For illustration, see Plate of Caufobnia Floba. ESCHWEGE, Bsh'va" gi (mediseval Esfcei r, /■.,/,; inch). A town of the Prussian Prov- ince of Hesse Nassau, situated in a fertile valley on tie' Werra, 25 mile- easl southeast of Cassel I M a p: Prussia, D 3). It consists of an old and a new town, on the left ami right bank- of (lie river, respectively, and a suburb on an island connected with 'the I nland by two -tone bridges. The onlj building of not,- i- the castle, n upied b ili.- di-trirt authorities. I tiled Black Tower i- all thai remi ( th< nvenl founded by t'lmrle- ,- an important industrial centre. It has large tanneries, manufactures of woolen and linen goods, haircloth, shoes, and machines. Population, in 1890, 9787; in 1900, 11,117. ESCHWEILER, esh'vi'ler. A town of the Prussian Rhine Province, on the Inde, about eight miles northeast of Aix-la-Chapelle (Map: Prussia, Bo). It is the centre of a rich mining district, its coal-mines being particularly noted for their great depth and superior quality of product. The manufactures comprise iron, tin, copper, and zinc articles, and machinery, soap, and leather. Population, in 1890, 18,119; in 1900, 21,895. ESCOBAR Y MENDOZA, esko-B;ir / e rnen- dO'tha, Antonio (1589-1669). A Spanish Jesuit and casuist, born at Valladolid. He became celebrated for his doctrine that the moral value of actions lies in the nature of the intention. His casuistry was unjustly criticised in the Provincial Letters of Pascal, ami from the nam" of Escobar, a priest of exemplary life, was coined the word escobarderie, a synonym for extreme laxity in moral principle. Among his writings are Liber Theoloe/iee Horalis (1646) and Sum- mula Casuum Gonscientiw (1626). ESCOBEDO.es'kO-Ba'Do. Mariano (1827-1902). A Mexican soldier, born at Dos Arroyos (Nuevo Leon). He was originally a muleteer, took part in the Mexican War, became prominent in the 'War of the Reform,' was in 1859 appointed a colonel by Jaurez, and contributed largely to the success' of the Republican cause. Upon the establishment in Mexico of the ill-fated Empire of Maximilian, he withdrew to San Antonio, Tex., organized a republican force made up of Mexican refugees, ex-Confederate soldiers, and negroes, and in 1SG5 captured the garrison of Monterey. In 1867 he utterly defeated Miramon at San Jacinto, and was appointed commander-in-chief of the repub- lican armies, with rank of general of division On May 15th of that year he took Queretaro and captured the Emperor Maximilian. In 1875-7G he supported President Lerdo de Tejada against the revolution under General Diaz, escaped to New- York, and was afterwards active in con- spiracy against the Diaz Government, but in 1882 accepted the office of president of the supreme military court of justice. He retired in 1884. ESCOIQTJIZ, Ss'kweketh', Juan (1702-1820).
Spanish statesman and author, born at Bermeo
in Viscaya. He became Hie instructor of the future Kin- Ferdinand VII. and gained an ascendencj over hi- pupil that lasted for many vears. After the abdication of Charles 1 . L808) Escoiquiz was made counselor of State; be accompanied Ferdinand to Bayonne and saw him fall into the trap so skillfully set by Xapo- [eon (1808). During the devastating war of ih,. Peninsula he remained in France. Upon the return of the King to power he was made Min- ister, but soon fell into disgrace, ami afterwards waa exiled to Ronda, where be .lied. He wrote /,/,,, s. ncilla * las razones que motivaron el i lag, ,;. i ,, ,, / rnando 1 /'. » Bayona ( 1814) . ■> translation of Young'- Kight Thoughts (17'.'7) ■ .ml .,f Paradise lost ( 1813). ESCOLAR (Sp. Bcholar). A mackerel-like fish [Ruvettu pretiosus) of tropical parts of the
