ETCHING. 231 ETHELBALD. esses and History (New York, L886) ; Herkomer, Etching and Mezzotint Engraving (ib., ls'.i:>) ;
.-. I iiii.ic Etching in England i ib., L895) ; Singer
and Strang, Etching, Engraving, and Other Meth- ods of Printing Pictures (ib., 1897); also the authorities referred to under Engraving. ETCHMIADZIN, gch'mS-ad-zen'. A famou Armenian n astery, situated in the District of Etchmiadzin in the Transcaueasian Province oi Erivan, I- miles west of Erivan, adjacenl to the village of Vagarshapat (Vagharshapad). Ltcon- si-ts of a number of buildings, divided into three parts each surrounded by a strong brick wall, which gives them tin- appear ance of frotresses. The Church of Shoghakath, whose foundation is attributed to Saint Gregory, is a cruciform edifice, with a Byzantine cupola ami mural decorations in Persian style. Other noteworthy churches are those of Saint Ripsime and Saint Gaine. Besides the churches, there are attached to the monastery a theological academy, a printing-press, and a library with valuable Armenian manuscripts. The monastery has been the seat of the Armenian Primate sinee 1441, and is now also the seat of the Armenian Holy Synod organized since the Russian occupation. The site of Vagal shapat was occupied by the famous town of Etchmiadzin, founded, according to local tradi- tion, by King Eruand I. in the sixth century B.C. It was fortified by King Vagharsh in the second century a.d., and became the capital of a prov- ince. The monastery was founded in the sixth century; the Church of Shoghakath, however, dates from the fourth century. In 1827. during the Russo-Persian War, the monastery was occu- pied by the Russians, and by the Treaty of Turk- mantchai (1828), it was formally ceded to Rus- sia. ETE'OCLES and POL'YNI'CES (Lat., from Gk. "Et(oktjs, of true fame, from &re6s,eteos, true -+- -kvs, -kles, from ra«u, kalein, to call; Uov- km'kijs, of much strife, from tto/iJs, polys, much + wikos, neikos, strife). Sons of CEdipus (q.v.) and Jocaste. Cursed by their father for unfilial con- duct, they quarreled over the inheritance, and Eteocles drove Polynices from Thebes. Accord- ing to one version, they agreed to reign in alter- nate years, but at the end of the first year Ete- ocles refused to resign his power. Polynices, re- solved on revenge, fled to the Court of Adrastus. King of Argos, whose daughter he married, and whom he induced to join him in a war against Thebes. The war that followed is known as that of the 'Seven Against Thebes.' and played a part in the early Greek epic second only to that around Troy. The names of the 'Seven' were Adrastus, Amphiaraus, Tydeus, Parthenopseus, Capaneus. Polynices, and either Mecisteus or Hippomedon. In the battle before Thebes the brothers met and killed one another. Eteocles was buried with honor, but Polynices's body was left unburied until the last rites were performed by his sister Antigone (q.v.). The story forms the basis oi Thr Seven Against Thebes, by ^Eschylus, and of the Phoenissai by Euripides. It is also noticed in the (Edipus ni Colonus of Sophocles and the Sup- pliants of Euripides. Consult Bethe, Thebanische Heldenlieder (Leipzig, 1891). See also Amphia- raus and Epigoni. ETERNAL CITY, TnE. A term applied to Rome, which was known even in antiquity as Uofna Immortalis. Also the title of a novel by Hall Caine | 1901 i. ETERNAL PUNISHMENT. See II ETESIAN WINDS (Gk. trfaiot, etesios, an- nual, from jVos, etos, year, Lat <<<>< old, ski. vatsara, year). The north and northi winds thai prevail in southern Europe in the summer season, apparently due principally i" an indraught toward the heated portion oi the African Sahara. They extend across the Mediter- ranean toward North Africa, and are strongest in July and August. ETEX, a'tekV, AvmiM (1808-88). A French sculptor and painter, born in Pari--. II studied painting under Ingres, sculpture under Dupatj and Pradier, and architecture under Duban. After exhibiting in 1839 Hie remarkable group "Cain and His Race Cursed by God." which excels his later works in boldness and sim- plicity, he received the order loi tin- two groups of "Peace" and "War" on th.- rc de HEtoile. Though his versatility led him into other lines of art. he excelled only as a sculptor, ilis picture "Eurydiee" is in the Luxembourg Gal- lery, and "The Glory of the United Stales" in the City Hall, Xew York. The most noted of his funeral monuments is that of the painter Geri- cault in the cemetery of Pere-Lachaise, Paris, which in 1SJ1 brought him the cross of the Le- gion of Honor. He wrote: La Grcce tragique (1847), with 44 etched plates; Cours eleim ntuire de dessin (1851), with 50 lithographed plates; and various notices on painters for reviews. ETHANE (from ether), »'JI,. A gaseous compound of carbon and hydrogen, similar to marsh gas. It is one of the constituents of the gas rising from the earth in petroleum districts. Like marsh gas. it is colorless and odorless, and insoluble in water. It is found dissolved in crude petroleum. It burns with a pale flame, hav- ing greater luminosity, however, than the marsh- gas flame, owing mainly to the fact that ethane contains a greater percentage of carbon than marsh gas. Ethane can be more readily liquefied than marsh gas. A mixture of ethane and air is highly explosive, especially if the amount of air present is just sufficient to burn up all of the organic gas. By gradually substituting chlorine, bromine, or iodine for the hydrogen of ethane, the so-called halogen derivatives of this lrydro- carbon may be obtained. One of these — viz. mono-iodo-ethane (CjH 5 I) — is used for the prep- aration of pure ethane, according to the following reaction: C.H-.I + 2H = CJH, -f HI Monn-iodo- Nascent Ethane Hydriodic ethane hydrogen acid Another method of preparing ethane consists in causing metallic sodium to act upon mono-iodo- methane, the products being ethane and sodium iodide. This method, first introduced by the eminent French chemist Wurtz. may be used in the preparation of many other hydrocarbons be- sides ethane. ETH'ELBALD, or ETHELBALD ( 757) King of the Mercians (c.716-57), a -on of Alweo. He succeeded Coelred about 716, and in 731 was acknowledged as overlord by all the kings and peoples of Southern and Central England as far as the Humber. He ravaged Northumbria in 7 40. and waged a successful war against the Welsh in 743. but was defeated by Cuthred, the West
