EUROPE, PEOPLES OF. 295 EUROPE, PEOPLES OF. mind, especially those of race or blood kinship, the result of cross-breeding; speech or linguistic affinities, the result of acculturation; arts, the result of commerce or contact; and social life or nationality, the result of conquest. It is true thai these concepts are related, and each is of value in the whole account of any people. When, however, one attempts to argue that people who speak the same language or practice the same arts are necessarily akin, confusion is certain to arise. Beginning with the first account of ancient man in Europe, paleo-ethnology may lie divided into three parts: ,(1) Tertiary man. or the origin of humanity; (2 (.Quaternary man, or the develop- ment of humanity; (3) present types of man. It is to he distinctly understood that this classifica- tion is intended only as a guide to study. New discoveries are constantly demanding new adjust- ments with reference to the earliest races of men in Europe. The existence of Tertiary man is yet in doubt, for our sole information concerning him rests upon the finding of extremely rude stone imple- ments in geological layers which are thought to be Tertiary. These supposed primitive imple- ments may be, however, only the refuse of later manufactures of more delicate objects. Such is the case in America, where, at first, materials of this character were regarded as showing the existence of man on this continent many thou- sands of years ago. They are now known to be the quarry refuse of historic tribes. Still keeping in mind geological epochs, Euro- pean archaeologists divide human culture into Prehistoric, Protohistoric, and Historic. Again, it is thought possible to separate the life of man in Europe into ages according to the materials which characterize the several periods, as the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. It must he remembered at this point, however, that the word 'age' does not refer to definite chronological dates, but that in the progress of human develop- ment man lived first in the stone grade, next in the bronze grade, and lastly in the iron grade of culture. Leaving out of view, then, the question as to the existence of man in the Tertiary period, sub- stantial exploration begins with the Quaternary epoch. In his investigations there the inquirer is everywhere confronted by problems concerning cosmic changes in climate, the plants and ani- mals which were contemporaneous with man dur- ing these changes, the species or varieties of man based on the human crania actually discovered, as well as on the progress in arts, especially those in stone. Notwithstanding the speculative char- acter of much that is affirmed about Quaternary man in Europe, an examination of the accumu- lated evidences leaves the impression of a long perspective of history, in which the life of the species, at first almost as naturistic as that of the beasts, was gradually transformed by human ingenuity into' the higher culture, the life wherein nearly every conscious action is performed arti- ficially. On the assumption that the forward movement of this artificial life is an unquestion- able fact, the relics of human industry discovered in the caves and other archaeological stations throughout all the countries of Europe may be mapped out in a series. Attempts have been made to mark epochs in this progress, and names have been given to them from locations where typical specimens of that particular grade of art were to be found, beginning with the Chellean, and ending with l lie Tourassian for the Paleolithic period. European Paleo-ethnology Times tges Periods Epochs I i a '— f.
-w o ■— - Of iron Merovingian
abenian
(Waben, Pa - i • i Roman Champdolli ihamp- dolent . Seine et Oiee) t-' Lngdunian (Lyon, RuOne I,
3 Galatian Beuvraj sian (Mo n t Beuvray, Nievre). Marnian < Department ol t he Marne), to M Hallstiittiiui (Hallstatt, Austria). -p Of bronze Tsiganian Larnaudian i Larnaud, Jura). < Morgian (Morges, Vaud.Switz.). •E
x ~i Of stone Neolithic Robenhausian (Roben- hausen, Zurich). Tardenoisian (Fere-en- Tardenois, Aisne). Paleolithic Tourassian. Hiatus (La Tourasse, Haute- Garonne). a c Magdalenian (La Ma- deleine, Dordogne). -3 Solutrean (Sulutre, Saone-et-Loire). ■+3 ® Mousterian (Le Mous- tier, Dordogne). <; Ache u lean (Saint Acheul, Sominc). Chellean (Chelles, Seine-et-Marne). Eolithic Puycouraian (Puy-couriiy, Cantal). Then ay si an (Thenay, Loir-et-Cher). As for man himself, out of less than fifty skulls to which the title Quaternary has been ap- plied, not more than a dozen can be vouched for as beyond question. All of them are long- headed or dolichocephalic in form. That is, the ratio of the length to the width of the skull is lcs> than SO-8'2. With our present knowledge it is possible to divide the oldest crania into the following types: the Neanderthal or spy man. referable to the Mousterian Epoch (q.v.) ; and the Laugerie Basse and Chancelade (Dordogne) type, to be referred to the Magdalenian Epoch. (See Madeleine. La.) The Neanderthal-spy type had the cephalic or length-width index of the skull, 70-75.3. together with a low, retreating forehead, prominent brow-ridge-, and probably low stature, about 1.59 m.. or 621^ inches. This race did not fully disappear from Europe in early times. Neanderthaloid skulls have been
