EVENING SCHOOLS. 311 EVERETT. over twenty-one recognized, and the method of granting money changed so as to recognize the work of the school as a whole, rather than the attainments of the individual pupil. The schools have, as a Tesult, become largely secondary, and their attendance has steadily increased. In 1898 the attendance in England 'and Wales was 435,- (S00 in 5535 schools. The subjects of study in- clude elementary science and art, shorthand, bookkeeping, history, geography, and wood-carv- ing, and, for girls, cookery and dressmaking. There are special science and art evening schools, giving instruction in advanced .science with laboratory work and extensive practical work in art; also -advanced commercial evening schools and evening institutes for women and girls, offer- ing courses in cookery, needlework, nursing, etc. The University Extension movement has also be- come quite prominent, and evening classes are often provided. The evening continuation schools of Scotland have had about the same history as those in England. In Ireland the number of evening schools and the attendance thereat stead- ily declined between 1880 and 1807, and measures removing restrictions on attendance and enlarging the curriculum are necessary to their develop- ment. In the United States evening schools were established at first largely to provide for children in the great cities who were occupied during the day. Attendance at them has been confined prin- cipally to older children and adults. They were tried in New York City in 1834, but failed for want of teachers. Fourteen years later the Pub- lic School Society successfully reestablished them. ' Within two years they had 15 schools and 8000 pupils. The Boston evening schools were legally recognized in 1857. In 1898 there were even- ing schools in 138 cities having 8000 inhabitants or more. They were situated in 25 States, al- though 39 were in Massachusetts. The attend- ance was made up largely of pupils who did not attend day classes. In most cities the schools were kept open only a few months, and the work was inferior and inadequate. As a result the attendance did not increase rapidly, or even de- clined. The establishment of evening high schools, some of which emphasize commercial work, has come to remedy this situation, and the United States finds, as other countries have found, that secondary evening instruction is more in demand and more effective than that of the primary grade. In 1884 five large cities had evening high schools, and since then their number has steadily increased. In addition a variety of means has come into existence by which liberal and vocational instruction is given to people whose time is occupied during the day. Among the most notable are Maryland Institute, Balti- more, and Cooper Union, New York. The latter institution was incorporated in 1857. It fur- nishes advanced instruction in mathematics and the natural sciences, with applications to the various trades. There is a school of art also, in which attention is paid to the more mechanical of the fine arts, such as engraving, etc. The Young Men's Christian Associations also have established in some cities extensive lines of in- struction, carried on mostly in the evening. Much of the University Settlement and Univer- sity Extension work also occupies evening hours, and with them the account of the principal lines of evening instruction in the United States may be concluded. The evening school exists also in European countries other than those already mentioned, as in Holland, Italy, and Switzerland. These nations have boen called upon to deal with the same problems which have characterized the development of this school everywhere, and in solving which it has turned more and mure toward vocational instruction and lib- eral studies in advance of the primary grade. Consult: Balfour, The Educational Systems of Great Britain and Ireland (London, 1900) ; Tee- gan, Technical and Industrial /'duration in France (London, 1892) ; Reports of United States Commissioner of Education, passim. See Na- tional Education, Systems of. EVENTOGNATHI. See PlectoSPONDYLI. EVERDINGEN, a'ver-dlng-rn, AllaET, or Ar.nEUT van (1621-75). A Dutch landscape painter and engraver, born at Alkmaar. He was a pupil of Roelandt Savery and of Pieter Molyn, and lived in Haarlem and Amsterdam. In 1040- 44 he sailed to the Baltic coast and Norway, and his subsequent landscapes show the im- pression made on him by northern scenery. His pictures usually represent waterfalls, with fir-trees and rocks. His treatment is fresh, spirited, and truthful, and his composition mas- terly. The color in his landscapes is at times dark, but in his better works it is clear and warm. Hardly less notable are his rarer marines. His best paintings include: "Landscape with River." in the Louvre; "Landscape with W 7 aterfall," Munich; a similar subject in Berlin; and a Nor- wegian landscape in Amsterdam. He left more than 150 known etchings of great variety and spirit. Fifty-seven of these illustrate the poem of Reinelce Fuchs. The original drawings for this work, and also others by him, are in the British Museum. EVEREST, Mount. A mountain of the Hi- malaya system on the frontier of Nepal and Tibet, situated in latitude 27° 59' N., and longitude 86° 55' E. (Map: India, E 3). It is the highest known mountain peak on the earth, being about 29,000 feet above sea-level, or ap- proximately five and a half English miles. It was named after Sir George Everest, a former surveyor-general of India. Some geographers pre- fer to call it Gaurisankar, i.e. 'Mountain of the Gods,' after the native name. EVEREST, Sir George (1790-1866). An English military engineer, born in W T aIes. He was employed in various engineering works in India, was assistant to the chief in the trigono- metrical survey of that country, and on the chief's death became his successor. Afterwards he was surveyor-general of India. Mount Ever- est (q.v.) was named in his honor. He pub- lished An Account of the Meridional Arc of India (1847). EVERETT. A city in Middlesex County, Mass., three miles north' of Boston (Map: Massa- chusetts, E 3). It is on the Boston and Maine Railroad, and has electric railroad connection with Boston, Chelsea, Lynn, Salem, and towns of the vicinity. Everett is primarily a residential town, but has a number of manufacturing plants, the principal being chemical works, gas and coke works, structural iron foundries, and steel-works. There are two public libraries— the Parlin
