FAIENCE. 1 25 FAIN. Bcape designs than that ui' Kuuen, and, when the composition is not actually pictorial, by a much [ess restricted and carefully designed style of ornamentation, as if copied from the most elaborate designs for brocade. The factory seems to have been established about 1550, and it flourished as late as that of Rouen, though it was never equally extensive. The vases and dishes of Moustiers are famous for their ex- decoration in conventional flowers ar- ranged in scrolls and festoons, these last being the especial mark of the richer pieces. There are also splendid pieces with coats of arms and a conventional decoration of great solidity and dig- nity, reminding the student of the finest ware of Kouen. The first manufactory was established at. Moustiers-Sainte-Marie in Provence about 1640. There an- famous wares which were made in Alsace, at Strassburg, and Niederweiler, and also a1 Marseilles, where realistic flowers of large aize were painted on plates and dishes in a most effective way. Luneville and Saint-Clement in Lorraine, Rennes in Brittany, Lille, and Valen- ciennes in tin- extreme north of France, Lyons, .in.l. in the neighborhood of Paris, Sceaux, Sevres, Montereau, and many other places, were famous throughout this epoch. At the same time the factories of Delft in Holland were producing wares of great technical merit, even very large pieces finely modeled and enameled and painted with great care and deco- rated in two or three different styles. There were the pieces which were closely copied from blue and white Chinese porcelain, the resemblance being never complete, because of the different etl'ect of the white background, and also of the blue painting from that of the Chinese ware, but having an especially attractive appearance of its own. There were landscapes often of large size and painted on plaques, square and oblong, of considerable size, often let into chimney-pieces above the fireplace and the like, and also scenes of domestic life, real genre painting, but usu- ally confined to pure blue and white: and simi- lar subjects were painted on small tiles, four or six inches square, many tiles being included in one design. Finally, there are the imitation- of the splendid wares of Rouen and other French manufactories, in which case several colors are used. The ware was exported in such immense quantities as to give the name Delf to any faience used in England, and a similar name, spoiled Delphes, or in some such way, in France. Faience, in the strict sense, was less common in the nineteenth century, because much tougher wares were made. The beautiful dishes of Delft and Rouen break very easily and are too soft to be repaired in a lasting way. In France, how- ever, many beautiful wares of this kind were made for table use. A breakfast set in faience, with delicate white glaze of peculiar softness, and painted with realistic flower pattern, would cost only half as much as a porcelain set, no more attractive to the eye, but harder, and, on the whole, more agreeable in use, as well as more enduring. In Italy several factories produce modern imitations of ancient majolica and other pieces designed more or less in close agreement with ancient work: and these are genuine faience. Most generally, however, the choicer modern wares, whether for use or adornment, are of some variety of stoneware, of 'ironstone china', of terracotta, or of porcelain. See Majolica; POBI II UN; I'oTILUY. Consult: Gamier, Dictionnairt dt la eiramiqui (Paris, n.d.) ; Ris-Paquot, Manuel 'in collection mm des faiences niii-ninns I Paris, IsVTi ; Deck, I. n faience, a volume of the Bibliothiqm d I'ensi iijiii'iiii iii des beaux-arts (Paris, ins?;, bj ■■ practical workman ot merit. See also the bibli- ographies of the articles just referred to. FAILLON, fa'yo.x', MICHEL ETIENNE (1799- 1870). A French missionary and author, born at Tarascon, France. He became a Sulpician monk in Talis, and ill 1854 went to I anada on a tour of inspection of the various bouses of that Order in America. His contributions to Canadian religious biography embrace lives of Largarei BourgeoyS, founder of the Congregation Sisters; (1852) ; Madame d'Youville, founder of the Grey Sisters (1852); Mademoiselh Uaur, founder of the Hotel Dieu (1854) ; Mademoiselle le licr, the recluse (I860) ; and an extended history of the French in Canada, of which three volumes (1805-06) were completed. FAIXXY, fa'ye/, Pierre Louis Charles Aciiille de (1810-92). A French soldier. He was born at Rozoy-sur-Serre, was educated at the military school at Saint Cyr, and joined the army in Algeria. At the outbreak of the Crimean War he was' made a brigadier-general. He commanded a division in the Italian campaign in 1859, dis- tinguishing himself in the battle of Solferino. In lsi',7 lie was sent at the head of a corps to aid the Pope in his struggle with Garibaldi, whom he met and defeated at Mentana on November 4th. At the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War Napoleon placed him in command of the Fifth Army Corps, where his incompetency became manifest. On August 30th. while commanding the right wing of MacMahon's army at Beau mont, he allowed himselfi to be surprised and was forced to retreat, thus leaving MacMahon's flank unprotected, and cutting off his retreat—a circumstance which undoubtedly made the capit- ulation after the battle of Sedan the only alter- native. Failly was relieved of his command on the morning of the battle, being succeeded by General Wimpffen. After the war he lived in retirement until his death. He published a defense of hi- military operations before Sedan, under the title of Campagne i!e 1870: Operations et marches du 5eme Corps jusqu'au 31 aout (1S74). FAILS'WORTH. A town of Lancashire. England, on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Rail- way, four miles northeast of Manchester (Map: England, D 3). It has extensive cotton-manu- facturing industries. The town has an electric- light plant and modern sewage-disposal works. Population, in 1901. 14.200. FAILURE OF DAMS. See Dams ami Reservoirs. FAIN, fiiN, Aoathon Jean Frederic, Baron (1778-1837). Chief private secretary to Napo- leon I. He was born in Paris. After having served under the Directory, he was in 1806 ap- pointed Secretary of the Imperial Archives, and in 1813 became Private Secretary to the Em- peror, whom he accompanied on all his tours until 1S15. when he drew up the papers in which Napoleon definitely abdicated the throne of France. In 1830 he became First Secretary of the Cabinet under Louis Philippe, and was sever- al times intrusted with the administration of the
