EMDEN. the bay. The town was formerly surrounded by all>. whose site has been converted into pleasant promenades ; it is well built, has spacious and well paved streets, and is intersected by nu- merous canals, which are crossed by many bridges. The principal building, and one of the finest public edifices in the whole region, is the town hall, erected in the sixteenth century, which contains a library and a curious collection of ancient arms and armor. A large Protestanl church, dating from the twelfth century, contains a number of line monuments. Other interesting buildings are the museum of natural history and the old barracks. The chief industry is ship- building, but there are also extensive manu- factures of paper, wire, tobacco, soap, mustard, basket-ware, etc The herring fishery is also of considerable importance. Emden is connected with Wilhelmshaven by the Ems-Jade Canal. .lion, in 1890, 13.005: in 1000. 16,453. Emden was known as early as the tenth century. In 1433 it came under the dominion of Hamburg. In 1595 it was raised to the rank of a free Im- perial city and its commerce at that time was extensive. It was made a free port in 1751. was occupied by Holland in 1806. and with the whole of Easl Fric-land was incorporated with the Kingdom of Hanover in 1815, and in 18C6 was united to Prussia. EMELE. a-ma-la', Wilhf.i.m (1830—). A German painter. He was born at Buchen, Baden. Hi- i- mainly known as a battle painter. After studying in Munich, Antwerp, and Paris, he set- tled in Vienna (1801). where several of his equestrian scenes and hunting parties were painted. Afterwards he resided successively in Munich, Berlin, and Karlsruhe. The following are a few of his best works: "Attack of French -in-sat Waterloo" (18G7): "Episode from the Battle of Worth" (1879); "Cavalrj Encoun- ter Hear Langenbruck" ( 1873 I EMERALD (OE. emcraud, OF. esmeraude, . eraude, Sp., Port, esmeraldd, It. smeraldo, Lai idus, from Gk. unapayoo's, smaragdos, ii6.pa.ySot, . emerald, Skt. marakata, emerald). A gem variety of the mineral beryl. It was known to the ancients, who valued it for ipposed occull properties and its marvelous power "i healing all diseases of the i as for its beauty. Pliny tells <>f a life size figure of a lion in Cyprus with large emerald eyes thai were so brilliant when the -on shone upon them that fish were frightened away by them. The roi Nero had an i of emerald, h which he viewed the sports of the arena. Cortes brought from Peru five emeralds of >ti and curiou ie '"". which a re di ibed mo rvel ol the lapidary's i iii "ii ii.i in" been nit into a rose, an i bird a fish « ii golden i j i rth a bell with a pearl for a clapper, and a fifth a tiny cup. The en ind used I talisma n, • orn h S ipoleon on the bal tie lit / and V agram and v e • ii en I lortense. in - erald enl lally a glucinum-aluminium silicate with -mall quanti i Icium, iron, ami chromium, the brillian t rilnit. I const it in- 1 ■ t though 34 EMERSION. organic matter. The hardness of the emerald is 7.5 to 8, and its specific gravity is 2.5 to 2.7. Originally emeralds came from the Orient, and i specially from Upper Egypt, where mines are again worked. They are also found near Toko- voya in Siberia, where very large specimens have been obtained. Many of the gem varieties are from Muso in the United States of Colombia, all hough the mines there are now said to be ex- hausted, and from Emmaville, New South Wales. In the United States emeralds have been found in Alexander and Mitchell counties, N. C. Flaw- less specimens of emerald are exceedingly rare and command a price almost equal to that of the diamond, and the expression an emerald without a flaw' signifies unattainable perfection. Bra- zilian emerald is a green variety of tourmaline. Lithia emerald is the emerald-green spodumene or hiddenite. Oriental emerald is the green va- riety of sapphire or corundum. Uralian emerald is the green variety of andradite or demantoid. EMT3RALD ISLE. A figurative name given to Ireland (q.v.) on account of the richness of its verdure. It was first used by Dr. Drennan 11754-1820) in his poem entitled "Erin." EMERALD WEDDING. See Wedding An- niversaries. EMERGENCE l f rom I. at. emergere, to emerge, from e, out + mergere, to plunge). A plant outgrowth, technically distinguished from a trichome or hair by the fact that it involves the cortex as well as the epidermis. It is'not always easy to detect the differences between a trichome and an emergence, so that in ordinary usage the two are continually confused. In fact, no hard and fast line can be drawn between the In general, an emergence may be regarded as a structure of lower morphological value than ili" stem or leaf or root upon which it may be borne, and of higher morphological value than the trichome or hair which arises only from the epidermal tissue. Emergences include not merely such outfit is appear to have no definite function, as in the warts, prickles, etc.. but they are sometimes pieces of definite physiological apparatus. For example, the remarkable ten- tacle- of Drosera, which arc often called glandu- lar hairs, arc emergences: the ligulcs of leaves of grasses, Selaginella, and tsoetes are emer- ees; a- are also the cupules of certain liver- worts, as Marchant ia. Perhaps also the suckers or haustoria of such parasitic plants as dodder, mistletoe, etc., are to be regarded as emergences. Sec the lilies of I be various structures referred to. also Teichome, EMER'ITUS ll.at.. having served one's time of service). term which designates certain ial . generally collegiate or pastoral, who have retired from active ervice by reason of age or illness, ami retain an honorary position and title corresponding to that held when in active ii ■ :i 'pi "0 ssoi emeril us,' 'pastor emeritus.' EMERSION (from Lat. emergere, to em Tin' reappearance of one heavenly body from be in a. I another, after an eclipse o] occultation. The iniin n- ami emersions "' Jupiter's satellites arc particularly useful for finding the longitude of places, when il is i i.i carry out more accurate determinations h itb the aid of the electric telegraph
