EMIR. 44 EMMERAM. alhur; the standard-bearer. 'Amir al-'Alamj and third century the name Xicopolis was given to the leader of the caravans of pilgrims to Mecca, I m ir al-Bojj. EMISSION THEORY OE LIGHT. See . 1 1 •; Newton, Isaac. EM'MA, Adelheid Wilhelmixe Thebesia (185S— ). Queen regent of the Netherlands hi 1S90 to 1898. She was born at Arolsen, Germany, the second daughter of Prince George
ictor of Waldeck and Pyrniont. She was mar-
ried to King William III. of Holland, January 7. 1879, by whom she has had one daughter, the present Queen Wilhelmine of Holland. After the death of William III. (November 23, lS'JO), conducted the regency until the accession of her daughter to the throne, September 0, 1898. EMMAN'TJEL, or IMMAN'TJEL (Heb., God is with us). A name occurring in Isaiah vii. 14, and viii. S, and referred to with a special ap- plication to Jesus in Matt. i. 23. The historical connection of the name is as follows: Aliaz, King of Judah, stood in fear of a threatened sieye of Jerusalem by Rezin, King of Syria, and Pekah, King of Israel. Isaiah tells Ahaz not to fear, and assures him that the threatened invasion will never come about; and as a sign for this he, unasked, says that a young woman will i a son who will be called Immanuel, and who, while quite young, will witness the destruc- tion of both kings. Most modern scholars see in the name no reference to Jesus, and maintain that the context precludes the interpretation put upon the passage by Matthew. Just who the young woman was is a mooted question. By some (Lagarde, MeCurdy), she is identified with the wife of Ahaz— the child would then be Hezekiah : by others (Hitzig and Reuss) with the wife of the prophet; by still others the young woman i upposed i" be indefinite, and the word to mean any young woma n, EMMANUEL COLLEGE. A college of Cambridge University. It was founded in 1584 _bj Sir Walter Mildmay, sometime < haneellor of the I a- hequi r under Queen Elizabeth, for a ter and thirteen fellows. From the firs! it was a 'nursery of Puritanism,' .is Laud called it. a Dumber Of those emigrating In America in the li t - 1 half of thi nl h century being of thiscollege. The most noted, John Harvard, gave nis librarj and half bis fortune to the American ■ "liege which bears bis name. There were in • thirteen fellowships, twentj two scholar it, for what reason is not known. Near by are springs famed in ancient literature. With the Mohammedan conquest the place lost its im- portance. (2) The village Emmaus mentioned in Luke xxiv. 13 as distant 00 stadia from Jeru- salem. The site is not certainly known. Of several proposed identifications the. two most like- ly are (1) with the modern Koloniyeh, about 35 stadia northwest of Jerusalem, and' (2) with the modern El-Kubebe, about 64 stadia from Jeru- salem. The reasons for (1) are, briefly, that the name indicates the ancient site of a Roman 'col- ony,' and Josephus {Wars, vii. 6, 6) speaks of a colony of Roman veterans as established at an Emmaus, 30 stadia from Jerusalem. It must be admitted, however, that it is not certain that this is the place referred to by Josephus, and further, that, the distance, 30 s'tadia instead of 60, is not favorable to the identification. In favor of (2) are the distance and the tradition current in the Middle Ages. But as the tradition seems to have been based solely on the identity of dis- tance, it is of small value. For Conder's identi- fication with the modern Khamasa. southwest of Jerusalem, there is no support other than the similarity of names. EMMEN'AGOGUES (from Gk. i/i/iyva, em- mena, menses, from kv, en, in + ///,r, mere, month + ayuydc, agogos, leading, from u-ar, agein, to had I. .Medicines intended to re-lure, ot to bring on for the first time, the menstrual flow in women. The emmenagogues chiefly in use are preparations of aloes, iron, myrrh, and other stimulants, in connection with purgatives; and also the local use of the warm bath, leeches, fo- mentations, etc. Some recommend -till more pow- erful and direct applications to the uterine mucous membrane, as galvanic pessaries, lunar caustic, scarifications, etc.; but these are not in general use. See Menstruation. EMMENDINGEN, em'men-ding-en. A town in Baden, Germany, on the Elz, nine miles north of Freiburg. Two modern churches, the Rathaus, and statues of the Margraves Jakob III. and Karl II. are among ils principal features. It has breweries, and manufactures of rope, paper, 11111 ai eo, and cigars. Crowning a hill three miles to the wesl are the extensive ruins of the Hoch- 1,111 " Foi tress di mantled by command of Louis XXV. iii 1689. Population, in 1900, 6202. EMMENTHAL, em'men-tal. An Alpine val- ' . ' —■■■■■ +tm — . iii u>, till lllt'U-l.ill. 2 VII -A Ml I IK' Vii I- '" ' ' warships, besides exhibitions and ley in the Canton of Bern, Switzerland one of 1 ,' ? olle 9 h: <- the presentation of n the mosl picturesque and fertile in the country "' livings and scl b. Lmong the noted It is about 25 miles long, 10 to 12 miles wide men who have bi longed to tl Hi .-, are .eh- i fl and Cudworth, both oi ' oi !l Hi • : Sir illiani Temple, I Parr, and Bishop Hall and is travel sed bj t he i Irosse Emme and the litis rivers. The chief town in the valley is 8 ngnau (q.v.). EMMERAM. em'mer-am, or EMMERAN, Saint (?— e.715). South-German missionary. N Bishop of I'oit iei 3 he had determined I ii- veri the pagans of Pannonia, but was finallj pre- vailed upon bj the Bavarian Duke 'I I do to pagate and purify the Christian religion in Bai .M in, Ui. a- rendering effeci ive sen ici I here ■ i rj dm nr a pe I o) three ■ ■ he undi i took a pilgi image to Rome bu1 slain within a hori distance from Ratisbon by '".'. ?! I 1 "..!"" toparchie into winch Judea the f the Duke, to .-Mae,, his sister's dis EMMAUS, . ,-,'„,;, u- I l.al.. from Gk. K ime ol i wo plaa - in Pale I ine (1)1 he ' lent 'Am i t 15 !■, north of 1 i thi old Ho,,, an road to Jaffa, net lion u ill, the Maccabean 91 ar oi tndi pendi err j i, M acc . Near here Judas M n jrrian In Roman time the capital ,V"- r a while, honor, which, as subsequently appeared: had been • ' imputed to A „„„" Me was buried l '" ' the al Rati bon, where the Famous monaster of the
