FERRARA. 550 FERRARI. gardens. The city markets wheat, rice, hemp, wine, silk, cattle, 'salt, and fruit, and has silk, hemp, and soap factories and flour-mills. At the end of the tenth century, when Ferrara began to become prominent, the popes, basing their authority on grants from Pepin and Char- lemagne, bestowed it as a fief on the margraves of Tuscany. In 120S, after a period of inde- pendence, it came under the rule of the Este (q.v.), who persuaded Paul II., in 1471, to raise it to a duchy. In 1598, on the extinction of the main branch of the House of Este, Ferrara was united by force to the Papal States by Clement VIII. In 1797 it was united to the Cisalpine Republic, and afterwards to Xapoleon's King- dom of Italy. It was restored to the Pope in 1814, and in 1859 became part of the dominions of Victor Emmanuel. Population, in 1881,76,000; in 1901, 87,048. Consult: Frizzi, Memorie per la sloria di Ferrara (5 vols., Ferrara, 1857-48) ; Gennari, La university di Ferrara (Ferrara, 1879) ; Ferrara e Antolini, Ferrara nella sloria del risorgimento itaJiano lSl! r 21 ( Ferrara, 1885). FERRARA-FLORENCE, Council of. The Council of Basel, convened in 1431 by Pope Mar- tin V., having fallen into a series of disputes with Martin's successor, Eugenius IV., the lat- ter in 1437 issued a bull transferring the ses- sions to Ferrara. He was obeyed only by Car- dinal Julian, the president, and four bishops; the council itself continued in session at Basel. (See Basel, Council of.) To the five delegates, how- ever, who met at Ferrara, January 5, 1438, others fresh from their homes were added, so that at the second session seventy-two bishops were pres- ent, over whom the Pope presided. The Emperor of Constantinople, John Palaxilogus, was also present, and brought with him patriarchs, bish- ops, and other ecclesiastics, amounting in all to seven hundred persons. His object in coming was to effect the reunion of the Greek and Latin churches, in the hope that he could thus secure the aid of the West against the Turks, who were then pressing hard upon the Empire, and were destined (as afterwards shown) soon to over- whelm it. The Pope also desired this union as a personal triumph over his adversaries in the Council of Basel, and he hoped that he would l.i- accepted as a leader of the crusade against the Turks. The points of difference between the Greek and Latin churches were ill up. in the doctrinal point whether the Holy Spirit pro- . led, as the Greeks maintained, only from the Father, or, as the Latins held, from tlic Son also i ,■ I'n locjii i ; 1 1 1 whether the bread used in the Lord's Supper should be leavened, as the Greeks held, or unleavened, as the Latins did; i :: i whither the Pope should he accepted as the id of Christendom, overriding the authoritj oi the Greek patriarchs; I whether the Greek doi I rine of ;i middle state after death wit houi the remedial pain of fire, or the Roman doctrine of purgatory in which punishment by Are a- an expiatory penalty and satisfaction for repented sin. was io he maintained. These and some minor points were discussed. In January. I i:;o ;,i eon equence of the outbreak of tin plague in Ferrara, tin' sessions of the council ! inued in Florence, and there an agri i men! between tin- representatives was arrived a1 i/, the supremacy oi the Pope was acknowl- lie Spirit said to proceed from the Father through the Son, and the Latin views in general prevailed. But the union celebrated on July 6, 1439, was short-lived. FERRARA, Francesco (1810-1900). An Italian political economist and statesman, born at Palermo. In 1834 he was appointed director of the LSureau of Statistics for Sicily. He was pro- fessor of political economy successively at Turin and at Pisa, and in 1864 became director of the Bureau of Bates and Taxes. He entered the Chamber of Deputies in 1865, was Minister of Finance under Ratazzi (from May to July, 1867), and in the following year was appointed director of the Royal School of Commerce at Venice. In 1881 he became Senator. He wrote a work on Importanza dell' economia politica (1849), and edited the first two series of the Biblioteca dell' economista (27 vols., 1850-68). His statistical writings appeared in a volume of the AnnaU di Statistica (Rome, 1890). FERRARESE' school of painting. One of the chief schools of northern Italy, usu- ally grouped with the early school of Bologna as the school of Ferrara-Bologna. It owed its origin, in the middle of the fourteenth century, to followers of Squarcione (q.v.) of Padua, and was also influenced by the work of the Floren- tine Piero della Francesca (q.v.) at Ferrara. From the former it derived its archaeological and naturalistic tendencies, from the latter its knowl- edge of perspective. It was also characterized by good drawing, modeling, and careful execution, but was deficient in color. The school of Fer- rara grew up under the patronage of the House of Este. Its chief representatives were Cosimo, Tura. Lorenzo Costa, Dosso Dossi, and Garofolo (q.v.). The Bolognese school originated about 1470, when a number of Ferrarese artists, chief among whom was Lorenzo Costa, went to Bo- logna. Francesco Francia, the head of the school, learned painting from Costa : he and Timoteo Viti (q.v.) were its chief masters. Consult: Baruffaldi, Yite dc' pittori Ferrarresi (Ferrara. 1844) ; Citadella, Kotizie relative a Ferrara (ib., 1864) ; Laderchi, Pittura Ferrarese (ib., 1856) ; Crowe and Cavalcaselle, History of Painting in North Italy, vol. i. (London, 1871); Morelli, Italian Painters, vol. ii. (ib., 1892). FERRARI, fer-ra're, Benedetto (1597-1681 '. An Italian poet and composer, sometimes called Della Tiorba. He was born at Reggio, and was educated at Rome. The opera Andromeda, for which he wrote the text, and which was set to music by Manelli da Tivoli, and performed at Ferrari'- expense at the Teatro San CassianO at Venice (1637), was the first opera to be pro- duced publicly, all previous compositions of this kind having been performed privately. FERRARI. Gaudenzio (1471-1546). An Ital- ian painter of the Lombard-Milanese scl I. Ih was born at Valduggia, in Piedmont. We know little of his life, which was passed mostly ai eivelli. Varallo, and Milan, where he took up his residence in 1536, ami died on Januarj
- i. 1546. it is generally supposed that his
tirst teacher was Girolamo Giovenone, at Vei Celli; bui Morelli has shown that the hitler was several years his junior, and that his ma-lei at Veivelli was probablj Macrino d'Alba. He is also reputed to have studied under Leonardo. Perugino, and Raphael, because of the influence of these masters upon his work. lie indeed
