FLEURY. ' F26 FLICKEL. edition of 1S30-37. In the Latin translation (Augsburg, 1758-94) it is continued to 1768. The so-called Abrege de I'histoire eecl4siastique de Fleury (Bern, 1700) lias a preface by Fred- erick the Great. He was a stanch Gallican, and his posthumous work, Discours sur les libertis de l'6glist gallicane (1724), has been very popular. His Complete Historical Catechism, continued to Pius IX., appeared in London (1871). For his biography, consult the Paris edition of his works (1837). FLEURY, Emile Felix (1815-84). A French general, born in Paris. He became a volunteer in the Spahis in Algeria in 1837, fought bravely, and became captain in 1844. He took an active part in the coup d'etat of 1851. In the following year he organized the regiment of the Guides, of which he became commander. In 1850 he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, became chief aide-de-camp to the Emperor, and, in 1805, Sen- ator. In 1800 he was sent as Ambassador to Florence, and in 1S09 as Ambassador to Russia. After 1870 he retired from active service. FLEURY, Francois Lous Teisseidbe, Mar- quis de (1749-94). A French soldier, who served in the American Army during part of the Revo- lutionary War. He was born at Saint Hyppolite in Languedoc, served in Corsica in 1708 and 1709, and in 1770 came to America for service in the Patriot Army. He became a captain of engi- neers in May, 1777; was appointed brigade-major to Pulaski in October of that year; was wounded at Fort Mifflin (q.v.) in November, where he was engineer-in-chief; was promoted to be lieu- tenant-colonel in the same month; was second in command of a picked corps of 600 men in the battle of Monmouth; served under Sullivan in Rhode Island ; and at the beginning of the cam- paign of 1779 was placed in command of a regi- ment of light cavalry. In July, 1779, the Conti- nental Congress voted him a silver medal for his gallantry at Stony Point, where he led the right column, was the first person to enter the fort, and tore away the British flag with his own hands. Late in 1779 he returned to France, but subsequently took part in the siege and capture of Yorktown. In December. 1781, he received the rank of chevalier of Saint Louis, and he ultimately attained the rank of marcchal de camp in the French Army. FLEURY, Jean Francois Bonaventure (1810-94). A French teacher and author, born at Vasteville. He was educated at Cherbourg as bursar; then became a journalist; but after the coup d'etat of December 2d he devoted himself to teaching. In 1858 he went to Russia as a private tutor, and later was in public educa- tion. In 1872 he became professor at the Saint Petersburg School of Law, and a little after- wards reader in French in the university. He returned to France about ISilll. Aiming his works mention should be made of the following: Vie ill I'n i ■iimiliii il< Saint Pierre (1843); Krylov el sen fables ( 1862) ; Essai sur I, patois normand <le Hague | L866) ; Rabelais et ses osuvres (1877) ; Murii nu.r et it Marivaudage (1881) ; Litterature populaire de la Basse Vormaitifce ( 1883). Fleury 's daughter is the noveliai known as Benry Greville. FLEURY, Maubioe DE (I860—). A French physician, born at Bordeaux. He was educated in the university there, in which his father, Arm and de Fleury, was professor. He was on the staffs of the hospitals of Bordeaux, and later at Paris. He made a special -tody of nervous complaints, and wrote much on the education and health of children. Among his works are: Con- tribution <i Ve'tude de I'h jisii in senile, a doctoral thesis (1890); Traitement rationnel de In neu rasthSnie ( 1894) ; PathogetUe de Vipuist meni tier- veux (1896); Introduction a hi midecine de I'esprit (1897) ; L'ame du criminel (1899) ; and Le corps et t'timc de I'enfani (1899). FLEURY DE CHABOULON, de cha'boo'loN', Pierre Alexandre Edouard, Baron (1779-1835). A French legislator and secretary of Napoleon I. He was an ardent patriot, and was scarcely six- teen when he was selected as commander of a battalion of the National Guard. After serving in the Ministry of Finance and as an auditor of the Council of State, he played a distinguished part as a subprefect of the Department of the Meurthe. His services attracted the attention of Napoleon, who in 1814 appointed him auditor at army headquarters, and subsequently sent him as prefect to Rheims, which city he placed in a state of defense against the allied armies. Upon the return of Napoleon from Elba he be- came his private secretary. Banished after the Emperor's final deposition, lie went to London, where he wrote his celebrated Mdmoires pour servir a I'histoire du retour et du regne de Napoleon en 1815 (1819; Eng. trans., 1820; Ger- man trans., by Bergk, 1821). FLEURY-HUSSON, u'son', Jules. See Champflevrv. FLEXURE ( from Lat. flexura, curve, from flectere, to bend). This term denotes the bending of loaded beams. If a beam, supported at its two ends, be loaded, it bends, its lower surface becoming convex and its upper concave. In this bending the fibres in the lower surface are stretched, and those in the upper are compressed, while between these surfaces there is one called the neutral' surface, wherein the fibres are neither stretched nor compressed. Experiments show that the flexure of solid beams supported at their ends and loaded varies ( 1 ) directly as the load; (2) inversely as the product of their breadths and the cube of their depths: and (3) directly as the cube of the distance between the supports. Since flexure is primarily a phenom- enon of stretching and compression, the coefficient of elasticity involved is Young's modulus. See Elasticity; Strength of Materials. FLIB'BERTIGIB'BET. (1) In Shake- speare's King Lear, a fiend mentioned by Edgar. (2) In Scott's Kcnihrorlh, a mischievous, imp- ish boy, Dickon Sludge. He lives near Wayland Smith's forge, and later appears at the festival at the castle. FLICKEL. Paul (1852-1903). A German landscape painter, born in Berlin, pupil of Theo- dor Hagen at the School of Art in Weimar. He winked independently at Diisseldorf, and from 1870 in his native city. His views from Italy, which In- visited in ls77, bring home espe- cially the luxuriance of sunt hern vegetation, and all his landscapes, for which latter lie selected scenery near the coast id' the Baltic and in the Harz Mountains, are remarkable fur beautiful sunlighl effects. "Beech-wood Near Prerow" (isso) was awarded the great gold medal, and is now in the National Gallery, Berlin. Among others may be noted "The Use Valley in the
