ENDERMIC. I are also more rapidly manifested and more in- tense than when given by the mouth or rectum. A solution of podophyllin which, when adminis tered by the mouth, acts as a powerful chola- gogue (bile-provoking) aperient, when injected into the skin gives rise to free action of the kid- neys. The investigations of the therapeutic value of this mode of administering drugs were limited by the fact that many substances (aeonitine, for example) give rise to great local irritation when used subctitancously. As a general rule, only neutral solutions of drugs should be employed, decidedly acid or alkaline solutions being apt to cause irritation, and even local ulcers, at the point of application. As in the case of podophyl- lin, symptoms arc observed to follow the admin- istration of some drugs by the skin, which are wanting when (he same drugs are otherwise ad- ministered. The advantages to be derived from this method of introducing drugs are (a) rapid- ity of action, (b) intensity of effect, (c) economy of material, (d) certainty of action, (e) facility of introduction in certain cases, and, (f) in some drugs, the avoidance of unpleasant symptoms. EN'DICOTT, William Crowninshield (1827- 1900). An American politician and jurist, a de- scendant of John Endecott (q.v.). He was born in Salem, Mass.; graduated at Harvard in 1847 ; was admitted to the bar in 1850. and from 1873 to 18S3 was a justice of the State Supreme Court. He was a Whig until the dismemberment cl that party, when he became a Democrat. In 18S4 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Gov- ernor, and from 1885 to 1889 was Secretary of War in President Cleveland's Cabinet. EN'DIVE (Fr. endive, ML. intiba, Lat. in- Ubus, inlibum, endive), Cichoriwm endivia. An annual or biennial plant, of the same genus with chicory (q.v.), considered to be a native of the East. It has long been in cultivation as a garden vegetable in Europe and America, its blanched root-leaves being much used as a salad and in soups. It is grown like lettuce, on any good gar- den soil, and is blanched by lightly tying the outer leaves together. In general, those varieties that are most curled, and that naturally com- mence to blanch before being tied, are in the United States considered to be of a superior quality to the broad-leaved and more persistently green sorts. Many varieties are grown in Eu- rope: among the most popular are the moss curled, Rouen, and broad-leaved. For illustra- tion, see Plate of Salad Plants. ENDLESS SCREW. A screw combined with a cog-wheel, or one acting on the threads of a 'female' screw sunk in the edge of a wheel. When the axis of tin- screw is at right angles to the plane of the wheel — that is, when the screw acts on a -pur wheel — it is known as the Americari form. ENDLICHER, ent'liK-er. Stepiian Ladis- iais (1801 -111). A distinguished Austrian bot- anist and Sinologist, born at Pressburg, Hun- gary. He was educated in his native town, ami at the universities of Pest and Vicuna, and entered the Church, which career, however, he abandoned after a few years. In 1827 he began his botan- ical and linguistic studies, and the following year he was placed in charge of the manuscript department of the Imperial Library al Vienna. In 1836 he was appointed curator of the botan- ical department of the Royal Natural History 7 ENDOGAMY. Museum at Vienna, and in 1840 he became pro- fessor of botany in the university and director of Hie Botanic Garden. Together with Kiting huusen and others, he took a prominent pail in the establishment of the Vienna Academy of Science-. Endlicher's publications were prin- cipally upon systematic botany, upon the study of which subject he exerted a considerable influence. Some of his works are: I'h, in I'nsn- niensig (1830); Orundziige einer neuen Theoru der Pflanzenzeugung (1838); Orundziige der lluliniilc, with I tiger as co-author (1843) : Synop sis Coniferarum (IS47). His most important con- tribution to botany was his elaboration of the natural system of classification of plants, an- nounced in Genera Plantarum Secundum Ordinei Naturales Disposita (1836-50), and in Enchirid- ion Botanicum Exhibens Classes et Ordines Plan tiirnm ( 1841 ) . In connection with Huge! and Xces von Esenbeck, Endlicher edited several important botanical works dealing with descriptions of for- eign plants preserved in the Vienna Botanical Garden. Endlicher's study of classical and Oriental history and literature resulted in the publication of important contributions to the knowledge of these subjects, among which may be cited: Anfangsgriinde der chvnesischen Gram- matik (1845) ; Verzeichnis der chinesischen and japanesise.hen Munzen des kaiserlichen Miinz- und Antikenlcabinets (1837); and Analecta Grammatica, with Eichenfeld as co-author (1837). EN'DOCARDI'TIS (Neo-Lat., from Gk. (vim; endon, within + xapSla, kardia, heart). A dis- ease of the endocardium, or the internal surface of the heart. It is usually caused by an altered condition of the blood accompanying gout, scarlet fever, and some ofTier diseases, and may be imme- diately fatal, or may cause irregularities and deformity of the tlaps of the valves of the heart, resulting as permanent organic dis- ease. It is attended by pain and distress over the heart, and to the diagnostician's ear the murmurs that, replace the normal heart-sounds are very significant. Treatment of the accompanying gouty condition, and certain powerful medicines, such as digitalis, aconite, morphia, etc., in a physician's hand-, may prove curative, or at least may tide the patient over the acute stage. Few patients recover without resulting valvular trouble. ENDOCERAS, en-dos'e-ros. See Cephalopoda. EN'DOCHROME (from Gk. enSov, endon, within + xP^Ma, chroma, color). The colored portion of the protoplasm of diatoms (q.v.). ENDODERM, ENTODERM (from Gk. £x5o», endon, within + S4pp.a, derma, skin), or Hypo- blast. The inner layer of the embryo. See Em- DRYOLOGY. EN'DODER'MIS (Neo-Lat., from Gk. tvBov, endon, within + Sipna. derma, skin). In plants, a layer of cell- which surrounds the vascular tissue (stele) (q.v.) as a sheath; also called the bundle sheath. In some cases there is but a single bundle sheath, which surrounds a soli- tary general vascular region : in other cases there may be several vascular regions in a stem, each surrounded by its own endodermis. See Anat- omy of Plants. ENDOCAMY. See Exogamy ; Marriage.
