FOIL. 780 for amethyst color. Prussian blue similarly prepared — for sapphire color. Dragons' blood dissolved in pure alcohol — for garnet color. Fer- roeyanide of iron and bichromate of potash, equal parts, very finely ground and sifted, then ground with a quantity of gum mastic equal to the other two ingredients, until the whole forms an impalpable powder; gradually form this into a thin paste with pure wood alcohol and preserve in a stoppered bottle; when used, a por- tion is diluted with wood alcohol to the neces- sary thinness — for emerald color. Various shades of yellowish or bluish green can be produced by varying the proportions of the two coloring ma- terials. Lake or carmine ground in solution of isinglass — for ruby color. A weak solution of orange shellac, sometimes tinted with saffron, turmeric, or aloes — for topaz color. Several other color-varnishes are made by similar methods for various shades of tinsel and gem foils. Gold foil is chiefly used by dentists for filling teeth, and differs from gold leaf only in being a little thicker. (See Gold-Beating.) Com- mercial tinfoil is largely adulterated with lead, and is used as a wrapping for tobacco, chocolates, and bonbons, toilet and other fancy articles. Variegated foil is made by laying thirty or forty thin plates of gold, silver, copper, and various alloys in a regular order, and then soldering the edges. A pattern of various depths is punched, and the metal hammered out into a thin sheet. The punch-marks disappear, and the pattern, ap- pearing sometimes in one and sometimes in an- other of the metals, and much spread out, is very effective, it is suggestive of damaskeening on metal. See Damaskeening. FOIL (probably from foil, to blunt, from OF. fouler, foler, foller, Fr. fouler, to trample, from ML. fullnre, to full cloth by trampling, from Lat. fullo, fuller). A weapon used in fencing as a substitute for the short sword. See Fencing. FOIX, fwa" (Lat. Fuxum). The capital of the Department of Ariege, France, situated on the left bank of the river Ariege, 51 miles by rail from Toulouse (Map: France, H 0). It has a picturesque old castle, with three well-preserved towers of white marble, dating from the twelfth and fourteenth centuries, and an old church of the twelfth century. It has some trade in iron. Foix was the capital of the old countship of Foix. Population, in 1901, 7065. FOIX. An old French family, which took the title of count from the District of Foix. The first who bore the title was Bernard, in the early years of the eleventh century. Raymond ROGER, Comte de Foix, figures as one of the knights who accompanied Philip Augustus to Rale-tine: he died in 1223. — GASTON 111.. Comte de Foix. called Phoebus, married Agnes, daughter of I'liilip III., King of Navarre, lie was a skillful warrior and fond of the chase. He wrote a work on the latter subject, which was greatly admired in the fifteenth century. Froissart (q.v.) 'owed some of the choicest incidents in hi- chronicles to having lived for some time in the castle of Orthes, Gaston's principal resilience. After his death in 1391, 11 states and title went to a collateral branch of the family, as in a Hi of ei he had I illed his only legitimate son. — Gaston IV., Comte de Foix, rendered good service to the King in the wars against England. He FOLARD. died in 1472. — Gaston's grandson, Gaston de Foix, Duke of Nemours, was the sou of Gaston ile Foix, Comte d'Estambes, and of Marie d'Or- leans, sister of Louis XII. of France, and was born in 1489. In the Italian wars carried on by Louis, Gaston displayed the most brilliant and precocious genius. He was everywhere successful by the rapidity of his movements, which obtained for him the title of the Thunderbolt of Italy. He won the great battle of Ravenna over the Spaniards. April 11, 1512, in which, however, he fell, at the early age of twenty-three. Consult Castillon, Histoire du e<mii< tl< Foix (Toulouse 1852). FOIX, Paul de (1528-84). A French ec- clesiastic and diplomat. He studied in Paris and Toulouse, and lectured on civil law. At the age of nineteen he became a councilor of the Parlement of Paris. Through the favor of Cath- arine de' Medici, he rose rapidly to power. As Ambassador to England he endeavored to bring about the marriage of Elizabeth to the Duke of Anjou. Later he was Minister at Venice, Florence, and Rome, and Plenipotentiary at the Court of Henry of Navarre. He was reappointed to Rome in 1579, and died there five years later. FOTCER, Harry. A character in Thackeray's l'i ndennis. He is given to showy dress and sporting habits, and falls in love with Blanche Amory. FO-KIEN, fo'ke-cn'. See Fu-kien. FOKSHANI, fdk-sha'ne (Rum. Focsani). A town of Rumania in Moldavia, situated on the Milkov, a branch of the Sereth, 47 miles west- northwest of Galatz (Map: Balkan Peninsula, F 2). The vineyards in its neighborhood produce one of the best kiuds of Moldavian wines, and the town carries on a considerable trade in grain with Galatz. In 1789 Fokshani was destroyed by the Russians. It was burned by the Turks in 1822. Population, in 1899, 23,783, including about 6000 Jews. FOL, fol, Hermann (1845-92). A Swiss zoolo. gist. He was born in 1845, of German parents, and lost his life at sea in l"892. He took a medical degree in Berlin in 1809. but devoted himself to zoological studies. He was especially interested in the investigation of marine ani- mals, and. being a man of wealth, was able to indulge his tastes by establishing a marine lab- oratory at Nice and visiting in his yacht the
- iters of various countries. His home was in
Geneva, where for nine years he was professor of zoology. The following are among his more important works: Die erste Entwicklung des Geryonideies (1875); Etudes sur le developpe- meni des mollusques (IsTTi: Sur /■ commence- ment ili I'henogonie chea divers animaum i ls;!i) ; Lehrbuch der vergleichenden mikroskopischen Inatomie (1884) ; Recherches sur hi ficondation ei le commencement il< I'henogonie (1891); /.»■ quadrille </> centres ( 1S!>1 i . FOLARD, f.'-'liii'. Jean Charits. chevalier .le (1669-1752). A French soldier and writer on military affairs, born at Avignon. He entered the French Army, and fought in several cam- paigns in the wars of Louis XIV. Later he enlisted in the service of Charles XII. of Sweden, and particularly distinguished himself at the siege of Frederikshald in 171S. His works include: Vouvelles dicouvertes sur la guerri
