GKAF. 101 GRAFF. comes of the Roman Empire, but whose oBiee gradually developed into an hereditary feudal grade. The word appears in English in its com- pounds, margrave, or marquis (MarUfiraf), landgrave (Landgraf), and burgrave ( Burg- graf), and is also frequently used in the simple German form. The graf, in all prob- abilit}', was originally a fiscal otUcer, whose duty it was to collect the revenue of a district. The" title first appears in the Lex titilirn (com- piled in the fifth century), under the Latinized form of grafio; at a later period the oflice is often designated by the Latin equivalent comes. Charles the Great divided his whole empire into graf-districts (grafengaue) or counties, each of which was presided over by a graf. The i)eople were in the habit of api)ointing a re[)resontative called the cent-graf to attend to their interests with the graf, and probalily, if necessary, to ap- peal from his decisions to the central Government. Then there was the staH-gnif, or stable graf, the comes stabiili, or constable of later times; the pfalzgraf (comes palatii) , who presided in the do- mestic court of the monarch, which was the highest court in the realm; the send-graf, who was sent as an extraordinary deputy of the King to control the ordinary gau-grafen : and lastly, the viark-graf, or marquis, on whom the important duty of defending the border-lands •devolved. Consult: Waitz, Deutsche ^'erfassungs- ffeschichte (Berlin, 1874-85) : Brunner. Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte, vol. ii. (I^ipzig, 1892). GEAF, Artuko (1848—). An Italian poet and critic. He was born at Athens, of Carman extraction, and was educated at the University of Naples. After lecturing at the University of Rome for several years, he was appointed to the chair of Italian literature at the University of Turin (1882). His publications include treatises on the history and development of art and kin- dred subjects, and the following poetic works: Versi (1874); Poesic e novelle (1876); Medusa (3d ed. 1890), characterized by a powerful lyri- cal strain; and Do/)o i7 Ircimonto, Versi (1803). Sadness and a spirit of pessimism, combined, however, with a strong faith in science, are pre- vailing features of the poetry of Graf, who oc- cupies a verv high rank among the present poets of Italy. GRAF, ,graf, GrsTAV ( 1821-9.5) . A German his- torical and portrait painter, born at Kilnigsberg; pupil of Hildebrandt and Schadow at Diisseldorf (I843-4G). He then supplemented his studies in Antwerp, Paris, Munich, and Italy, and in 1852 settled in Berlin, where his first important work was the mural painting, "Subjugation of Witte- kind by Charlemagne," after Kaulbach"s design, in tlic cupola saloon of the Xew iluseuni. Among several historical genre scenes of sterling tech- nique which followed, the "Patriotism of Ferdi- nand von Schmettau, 1813" (1863, National Gal- lery, Berlin) deserves especial mention. He next devoted himself with great success to painting portraits, among the best of which are those of Fiefd Marshal von Roon (1882. National Gallery. Berlin): Du Bois-Reymond (1886); and Robert Koch (1891). In 18(58-70 he executed the fresco paintings, impersonating "Jurisprudence" ( Solon ) , "Art" (Phidias), and "Eloquence" (Demos- thenes) , in the Aula of the University at Kiinigs- berg. His more recent works include: "Prome- theus and the Oceanids" (1886, KOnigsberg Mu- seum); "Viking's Death" (1892); and "Will o' the Wisp" (1893). He was professor at. and member of, the Berlin Academy. GRAF, Karl Heinbku (1815-69). A Genuan Orientalist, born at Miilliausen in Alsace. He was educated in the school and college of his native place, and then at the gymnasium ami Protestant Seminarj- of Slrassburg ( 1830-32 1 . iind in the university of that city. He devoted himself to Old Testament exegesis and Eastern linguistics under Bruck and Russ, and studied later under Fleischer at Leipzig. In 1849 he be- came professor of French and Hebrew at JNleissen. He retire<l in 1808. His Biblical criticism was independent and liberal. He wrote: Der Hegen Moses', Deuter. 33 ( 1857); Der Prophet Jeremin erlldrt (1862); and Die gesrhichtlichen Biicher des alt en Testaments (1866). But his work in Persian, especially on the poet Sa'di, is bel- ter known and more important. It includes: Moslicheddin tiadis Koscngarten . . . iihersetzt init Anmerkungen (1840); Hadis hustgarten (1850); Hadi le Boiistaii, textc persan aree uii commcn- iaire prrsan (1858); "Die!Moral des Sadi," in Reuss and Cunitz, Beitriige zu den theologischcn ^yissenschaften (1S51); and editions and transla- tions of quatrains, distichs, elegies, and ghazals of Sadi in vols, ix., xiii.. xv., and xviii. of the Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlUndisehen Gcsell- schaft. GRAFE, Karl FERniNAND vox (1787-1840). A German surgeon. He was bom at Warsaw, studied medicine and surgery at Halle and Leip- zig, became professor of surgery and director of the surgical clinic at Berlin in 1811, and dur- ing Napoleon's Prussian campaign superintended the military hospitals. During the war he be- came in 1813 a surgeon-general on the stafT of the King of Pritssia. and professor and finally (1822) vice-director in the Academy of IMedicine and Surgery at Berlin. He was the founder of the surgical clinic and the polyclinic at Berlin, where his investigations and discoveries won for him a world-wide reputation. He was particu- larly well known for his autoplastic operations, in which he applied new methods, and made tise of new instruments of his own invention, which revolutionized the existing method of treatment. Among his numerous published works are: Rhi- noplastilc (1818) : Die epidemisch-contagiose Au- genblennorrhfie Aeggptens in den europiiisehen Befreiungsheeren (1823). and the Jahresberichte iiber das klinisehe chirtirgisch-augenarztUchc In- siitut (Berlin, 1817-34). GRAFENBERG, gra'fcn-berK. A village in Austrian Silesia. 37 miles west-northwest of Troppau (Map: Ciermany, D 4). It is celebrated as the place where the water-cure was intro- duced in 1820 by Priessnitz. It is annually vis- ited by about 2500 patients. GRAFENBERG, gra'fcn-berK. WrexT voN. See WiRXT VON Grafenbero. GRAFF, gr-if, Antox (1736-1813). A Ger- man painter, born at Winterthur, Switzerland. He was a pupil of Schellenberg in his native city, and then went to Ansbach. where he assisted the Cotirt painter Schneider. Afterwards he was appointed Court painter, and was made profes- sor at the Academy of Dresden (1766). He painted a great numl)er of portraits of his con- temporaries, nearly a thousand in all, and pre-
