GRANGER. 129 GRANGER. Yale in 1811, and in 1814 began the practice of law with his father in Canandaigua, N. V. In 1825 he was elected from Ontario County to the State Legislature, and with William H. Seward, Thurlow eed, and others, took a prominent part in the Anti-Masonic movement. In 18-20 he was reelected to the Legislature, and in 1827 was a delegate to the famous protectionist convention at Harrisburg, Pa. In 1828 he was nominated by the Anti-Masonic Party for Governor, but de- clined, as he had accepted the nomination of the Adams Democrats for Lieutenant-Governor on their ticket. He was one of the most active pro- moters of the new Whig Party in 1834, and in the State convention of that year was one of its candidates for the nomination as Governor, which, however, was secured by Seward. In the fall of the same year he was nominated and elected to Congress. Granger was reelected to the Twenty- sixth Congress in 1838, and in March, 1841, en- tered Harrison's Cabinet as Postmaster-General, the office his father had held under Jefferson and Madison. He was confirmed after some objection on the part of the Southern Senators, ho sus- pected him of anti-slavery proclivities; but after Harrison's death and the break between Tyler and the "hig3. he resigned. He again served in Con- gress in" 1841-42, "but at the end of his term retired, and never again held public office. He con- tinued to take an active interest in politics, how- ever, supported Webster in his stand on the compromise measures of 1850, and headed the revolt in the iig convention at Syracuse, N. Y., in that year, the participators in which are said to have taken their name of 'Silver Graj^s' (q.v.) from the flowing white locks of Granger and some of his conservative companions. He was in sym- pathy with the Know-Nothing movement in 1853- 56, and is said to have advised its leaders ; but he never supported it openly. In 1861 he was a member of the Peace Convention at Washing- ton. GRANGER, Gideox (1767-1822). An Ameri- can politician, for thirteen years Postmaster- General of the United States" He was born at Suffield, Conn.; graduated at Yale in 1798. stud- ied law and was admitted to the bar, and was elected to the Connecticut Assembly, where ha became one of the most influential Anti-Federalist leaders in the State. He is said to have orig- inated the Connecticut school fund. When Jeffer- son was elected to the Presidency he recognized the necessity of revolutionizing the Federalist character of Xew England, and with this end in view, in 1801 appointed Levi Lincoln Attorney- General. Henry Dearborn Secretary of War. and Gideon Granger Postmaster-General. The last was not then a Cabinet officer, but his patronage ■was exceedingly large, and there was no require- ment that his appointments be confirmed by the Senate. Granger's position enabled him to keep in touch with political afl'airs in every part of the country, and his principal services to Jefferson were of a personal nature in apprising him of the machinations of the politicians, and the trend of popular feeling. It was he who. in 1804, scented Burr's conspiracy with the Federalists. In the same year, while retaining his Federal office, he became agent for the New England Mississippi Company, and openly lobbied for the compro- mise of the Yazoo Claims on the floor of the House. Granger continued to hold office under Madison until 1814, when his alliance with the Giles-Leib faction, and his appointment of Leib as postmaster at Philadelphia, in llie face of the President's opposition, led to his removal from office. Later he settled in New York, where he served several terms in the Legislature, and be- came a 'follower of De Witt Clinton. GRANGER, Gordon (1822-70). An Ameri- can MiMier. born in Wayne County, N. Y. He graduated at West Point in 1845, and was an officer in General Scott's army during its cam- l)aigii from Yera Cruz to the City of Mexico. He was given the brevet rank of captain for his services during the Mexican War, and at its conclusion was assigned to duty on the south- western frontier. At the outbreak of the Civil War he was sent to Ohio to muster in volunteers, but soon afterwards was ordered to southern IVIissouri. where he was engaged in several ac- tions. During the early part of Aj)ril, 1802, he commanded the Third Brigade of the Army of the Mississippi at the capture of Island Number 10, and during the following campaign he commanded the cavalry in the Army of the Mississippi. At the battle "of Chickamatlga the next year he com- manded the reserve. He conuuanded the Fourth Corps in the battle of Missionary Uidgc. and was then sent to the relief of Knoxville. During the last two years of the war he was engaged in the militaiy operations in the Gulf States, which finally "terminated in the capture of Jlobile. On January 15. 1860, he was mustered out of the volunteer service with the rank of major-general of volunteers, and the brevet rank of major- general in the Regtilar Army, and in the follow- ing Julv he was commissioned colonel of the Twenty-fifth Infantry. GRANGER, .James (1723-70). An English biographer, print-collector, and preacher. He was entered at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1743, but took no degree. Having taken orders, he received the living of Shiplake, Oxfordshire. He was lib- eral in politics, and brought on himself the wrath of Dr. Johnson for a Whig in orders. In 1773, with Lord Jtlountstuart. later Earl of Butte, he toured Holland, and made great addition to his store of portraits. He died of apoplexy, which seized him while he was administering the sacra- ment. His main work is Biormiphicnl Tlintory of England . . . Adapted to a Methodical Cata- logue of Engraved British Heads, with a preface, showing the ■itilit;i of a collection, of Engraved Portraits (last ed. 1824). This work, continued by the Rev. Mark Noble, gave rise to the mutila- tion of books containing engraved portraits for the purpose of superillustration, and to the terms 'grangerism' and 'grangerize' therefor. Two of Granger's sermons were published: An Apology for the Brute Creation. (1772). and The Xature and Extent of Industry (1775). Granger's letters, "composing a copious history and illustration of the bioirraphieal history of England." were edited by J. P. JIalcolm (1805). GRANGER, Robert Seaman (1816-04). An American soldier, born in Zanesville, Ohio, He graduated at West Point in 1838, and served in the Seminole and Mexican wars, in which he attained the rank of captain. On April 27, 1861, he was captured by the Confederates with Major Sibley's command on the coast of Texas, was re- leased on parole, and was not exchanged until August. 1862. On October 20, 1862, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers. In 1864
