GOLDSTUCKER. 19 GOLF. On the Deficiencies in the Present Administration of Hindu, Law (1871) ; Panini, His Place in Han- skril Literature (1801) ; an anoiiynious tviiiisla- tion of Krishna Misia's PrubOdlui-l'liandrOdaya (Kijnigsbcrg, 1842) ; and his postliunious eilition of the Mahabhashya (3 vols., London, 1874). Many of liis minor eohtributions are collected in his Literary Remains (London, 1879). GOLD THREAD. See Coptis. GOLDTIT, or Vebuin. A most curious little bird (Auriparus flaviccps) of the titmouse fam- il.y (Parida;). It is four inches long, and abun- dant in the valleys of the Rio Grande and Colora- do and in Lower California. The upper parts are ashy, the under parts whitish, and the whole bead golden yellow. Its habits and manner par- take of those of both the chickadees and the ■warblers; and it makes a remarkable nest, often as large as a man's head, woven of twigs into a globular mass, and placed in a thorny tree. It i.s lined with dovTi and feathers, and the eggs are four to six, pale bluish speckled with brown. Consult Coues. Birds of the Colorado Valley (Washington, 1878). GOLD WASP. See Cuckoo-Fly. GOLDZIHER, golt'tse-er, IgxVAZ (1850—). An Hungarian ( irientalist. born at Stuhlweissen- burg. He studied at the universities of Buda- pest, Berlin, and Leipzig, and made special investigation of Oriental manuscripts in the li- braries of Leyden and Vienna. He was appointed a lecturer at the University of Budapest in 1872, and became professor there in !S!)4. In 1870 he was elected a corresponding member, and in 1892 a full member of the Hungarian Academy. He visited Egypt, Syria, and Palestine in 1873- 74. His writings in Hungarian comprise a large number of contributions to the publications of the Academy, including papers on Oriental book- making (1874). on the history of philological study among the Arabs (1878), and on the prog- ress and results of archieology in Palestine (1880). His chief publications are in German, among them such scholarly works as: Siudien iiber Tnnrhiim Jertischalmi (1871) ; the treatise Der Myfhos hei den Hebraern ^tnd seine ge- sohichtliche Entwiekhinfj (1876; in an English translation, London, 1877): and Mohammeda- dische Studicn (2 vols.. 1889-90). GokUiher is considered one of the foremost European scliol- ars in subjects connected with Mohammedanism. GOLET'TA. The port of Tunis, Africa. GOLF (probably from Dutch kolf, OHG. chol- ho, (ier. Kolhe, Kolbcn. club, Icel. kolfr, bolt, In/Ifa^ club). The game of golf is of Scottish origin. When James VI. of Scotland succeeded Queen Elizabctli on the English throne, his Scot- tish train played the game on Blackheath : whcre- bj' caine about the curious fact that the oldest organized golf club is English. It was an exotic, however, and remained the only one south of the Tweed for two hundred and fifty years. Mean- while in Scotland the game maintained its popu- larity, and was so generally indulged in by all classes of society that any village' in East liOtliian could be sure of competitors." from the village cobbler to the laird of the neighborhood. The early conditions were as democratic as the company. A tent erected upon special occasions was the only rendezvous of the local golfers; and the links were laid out across a tract of coramon- laiid by the seaside, over which every inhabitant of the district had some riglit. The prize was seldom more than a club with a silver band round it; or .a dozen balls; or later on a simple medal; even the great national prize was only a silver club, and that never became the property of the winner. The association for which the winner played had its custody until the next yearly contest. The earliest implements with which it was played were practically as good as they are to-day. except in the case of the balls, which were formerly made of a leather case stutTed with feathers. The two great Scotch associations, while younger than the English one mentioned above, are of far greater importance to the history of the game. The Honorable Company of Edinburgh Golfers was in organized existence previous to 1744. Its members plaved on the links of Leith until 1831, and from 1836 have played at Musselburgh. The Royal and Ancient, more popularly known as Saint Andrew's of Scotland, was established in 1754, and ever since has been the acknowledged leader in the sport. The first clubs established outside Great Britain were the Calcutta Golf Club of East In- dia, established in 1829. and the Royal Bombay Club, incorporated in 1842. Another club wa.3 in full vigor in JIadras at a somewhat later date. The next foreign settlement was at Pan, in Southern France, where numerous Scotchmen were in search of health. It was not until 1864 that the invasion of England proper began, with the establishment of the Golf Club of Westward Ho, in Devonshire, followed in the next year by the London Scottish, at Wimbledon ; and shortly afterwards by the Hoylake, at Liverpool; and (hen by hundreds of others throughout the coun- try. Canada caught the infection in the early seventies, resulting in the organization of the Royal Montreal Golf Club in 1873. In the United States, New York (1890) was the first to take up the game, followed almost immediately by the country at large, so that at the beginning of the twentieth century public links were to be found in the public parks of the large cities, and nearly every town and village in the country had its public or private golf-links. The game is played with a ball made of gutta- percha having a diameter of l';4 inches and weigh- ing from 20 to 28 pennyweights, hit with such one of the clubs used as is most suitable for the accomplishment of a particular stroke. It is played over a course laid out over an open stretch of country, and the object is to hit the ball into each of the holes made for its reception successively in the fewest numlier of strokes. The number of holes is usually eighteen, but where the area available is limited, nine played twice round are made to do service. The distance of each hole from the striking-oflf pliice (or teo) depends upon the nature of the intervening land ; from 100 to 000 yards is the usual, limit. In lay- ing them out advantage is taken of such natural obstacles to straightforward play as ditches, walls, trees, hills, roads, or hollow places, so as to break up the total length into difficult portions, compplling the player to exercise judgment and skill. If there are no natural obstacles, or haz- ards, artificial ones are introduced, such as a bunker made by hollowing out the earth and leav- ing it, loose like sand in front of a hole, or an em- bankment raised at some selected spot. The game
