GURKHAS. 389 GURNEY. nbout 20,000, and ai-e gi-eatly valued Uy iIk' ]?iil- ish CiovL'iiiincnt. See Nepal. GTJRKO, s'J^Jr'ko, Ossip Vladimirovitcu ( 1828-1 ilOl I . A Russi.aii geiK'ial. }!<• onterpd the army as coinet of the Hussars of the Imperial Guard, was made a eaptain in 1852, and in this capacity served in the Crimean War, In 1S.")7 he was assigned to the command of his old regi- ment of the Guards, and in 180O was nuide an aide-de-camp of the Emperor. His next promo- tion was to a colonelcy, in which capacity he served in the campaign of Poland in 180.i. In ]S(!7 he was a major-general in the suite of tile Eni])eror, and assigned to the command of a brigade in the second cavalry division of the Guards. In 1870 he was given the eununand of the same division. .t the opening of the war with Turkey he led the Russian advance across the Danube, and occupied Tirnova, July 7, 1877. At the head of a large force, composed chiefly of cavalry. Gurko passed the Balkans, moved rap- idly on Adrianople, advancing within two days' march of that city. He was. however, defeated by Suleiman Pasha at Eskizagra and compelled to fall back lo the Shipka Pass, which he held against repeated attacks. In October he was sent to operate in the re-ar of Osman Pasha's forces at Plevna, and took (Jorny Dubnik and Telish. In December he advanced again across the Bal- kans and occupied Sophia. .lannary 4, 1878. He defeated Suleiman Pasha in a three days' battle near Philippopolis, .January l.'jth-nth. In 1879 he became Governor-General of Saint Petersburg, but was removed in the following year. From 188.3 lo 1894 he was Governor-General of Poland, retiring in the latter year with the title of field- marshal. He died .lannary 28, 1901. GXJRLEY, Ralph Randolph (1797-1872). An American philanthropist. He was born in Leb- anon. Conn., and graduated at Yale in 1818. Beginning in 1822, he was for half a century agent and secretary for the American Coloniza- tion Society. He visited Afiica three times in the interest of the negroes, and aided in estab- lishing Liberia. Ho edited the A[ricn» lirposi- tory. and published a Life of Jehude Axlimiin 11839) and f.ife and Eloquence of Rev. t^iilrrs- trr Lamed (1844). GURLITT, awJr'lit, Cornelius (1820-1901), A Cierman composer. He was born at Altona, near Hamburg, and studied under the elder Reinecke (composition), and subsequently with Weyse at Copenhagen. In 1864 he became organist of the Altona Hauptkirche, and during the Schleswig- Holstein campaign was appointed army musical director, after which he became a memljer of the faculty of the Hamburg Conservatory. In 1874 he was appointed royal musical director. His com]iositions include several operas and operet- tas, string qviartets. violin sonatas, 'cello sonatas, vocal duets, und songs. His operas had but a local significance, and while his string composi- tions are more generally known, his claim to fame will rest on his pianoforte compositions, and par- ticularly on his instructive pieces, which are used thrcnighout the civilized world. GTIRLT, griorlt. Ern.st Friedrich (1794- 1882). A German veterinary surgeon, born at Drentkau. near Griinberg, Silesia, and educated at Breslau. He was professor of the School of Veterinary Surgery- at Berlin from lS2f> to 1870. and also director of the technical department of that institution during the last twenty years of his life. • He may be said to have beiMi the founder of that branch of anatomical science which treats of the organic structure of the domestic animals, and his investigations on animal deformities are especially noteworthy. His principal j>ublieation3 include: llandbiich der rvrylcielwiidt'n Aiiatmnie dir llaiixsaugetierc (7th ed. 1890); Lclirbuch drr patholoyisehcn A)uitoniic der Uaiissauyetiere (with ;i.') plates, 1831-.'i2) : Lehrbuch der verglei- clieiidcn I'hysiolofiie der Ilaiissuiiriiliere {'id ed. 18(ir>) : Analo-iiti/ uf the Horse, English transla- tion by .1. Willimott (35 plates, 1833). GURLT, ERN.ST Julius (1825—). A German surgeon, son <if the preceding, born in Berlin. He was apjpointed professor at the university in that city in 1SG2. His writings on medical statistics are especially valuable. His principal publica- tions include: Leitfaden fur Operaliotisiibungen am, Kadaver (7th ed. 1889) : Zur Gexehichle der inlernjilionalen und freiuilligen Krankenpflege, im Krieg (1873); Die Gelenhresekl ionen iiach HchKssrerletzungen ( 1879) . GXJR'NAH. See Kurkaii. GUR'NARD (connected with OF. gournauld, gouruant. grougiiaut, from groqnard, grunter. from grongner, Fr. grogner, to grunt; so called in allusion to the sound made by the fish when taken from the water ) . Any of the marine spiny- AX AMERICAN (jniNARD {Priouotus Curolintis). rayed fishes of the family Triglida'. The head in the gurnards is angular, and wholly covered with bony plates ; the body is elongated, nearly round, and tapering. There are two dorsal fins. The lower three rays of the large pectoral fins are de- tached and elongated into long feelers, which are used mainly in search for food. JIany gurnards are distinguished for their beauty of color. They live on the bottom, some at considerable depths, in which case they have a red color. The red gur- nard of the British coast {TrigJa cuculus) is the most common of many European species, and takes its name, 'red crooner' or 'cuckoo' gurnanl, from the note it utters when lifted out of the water; another species is called piper.' In the t'nited States the.se fishes are better known as 'sea-robins.' The most common one (Priouotus Caroliuus) is found abundantly on the east coast from JIaine to South Carolina. There are manv other species. The flying gurnard (C'epiialaeanthus volitans) occurs in the .At- lantic on both coasts. (See Flying Fish.) The guru:irds are known by various other names, such as 'batfish' and 'sea-swallows.' Tlie maxi- mum size is 18 inches. They are regarded as good food-fishes in the Old World, in s])ite of their inicoiith appearance, but in tlie Ignited Slates are little used as food. GTJRNEY, Ephraixi Whitman (1829-86). An .merican educator, born in Boston. Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 1852. was tutor in
