HAIiS. 490 HALSTED. a darker gray tone pervaded his pictures. His treatment continued to grow broa<ler, attaining a breadtli periiaps never aeliieved by another mas- ter. This last manner is represented in the Haarlem Museum by two line portrait groups: "Governors of the Hospital for Uld Men," and the "Lady Governors of the Hospital for Old Women," both of 1GG5. l'"rans Hals was one of the greatest portrait paint^Ms of ali times. All details are subordi- nate to the character and expression of the face; the colors, however bright, serve to emphasize the carnation of the face. No painter has ex- ceeded him in expression. He left over one hundred and sixty works, most numerous in Dutch and German galleries, and in those of Paris, Saint Petersl)urg, and New York. The most interesting example of the portraits of the first period is that of the "Artist and His Wife in a Park" (1624), at Amsterdam; others are those of an unknown "Nobleman and His Wife," at Cassel ; of ".Jacob Olycan and His Wife" (1625), iu The Hague; and of a "Young Married Couple" (1627), in Berlin. The Louvre possesses three fine examples of his second man- ner: "Nicholas Berensteyn and His Wife" (1629) : the "Berensteyn Family," an admirable group composed of father, mother, six children, and two nurses ; and a "Girl of the BcrenstejTi Family," the most channing of Hals's feminine portraits. Other prominent examples are the "Nurse with Child," in the Berlin Museum; the life-size figure of William van Heythuysen, in the Liechtenstein Collection. Vienna, his master- piece, according to Bode; another of the same subject in the Museum of Brussels. The portraits of his last period show no decline. Among the best are those of an old man and his wife, in private possession. Paris; of Des- cartes, in the Louvre; the "Young Man in a Soft Hat," at Gotha; and three well-known portraits of unknown men in the Hermitage at Saint PetersVjurg. The Metropolitan Museum of New Y'ork iias portraits of an unlcnown man, and of Hals's wife, and one of two gentlemen, attributed to him. Hals is the father of Dutch genre painting. In his genre pieces he found an anuisement and freedom not possible in ordered portraits. They are painted in a broader style with more humor. Most of them date from his early period. Among the best are: the "Jolly Trio" (1616), in private possession in the United States, of which there is a replica by Dirk Hals in the Berlin jMuseum ; the "Herring Vender" (1516), in the Baring Col- lection, London; "Junker Ramp .and His Mis- tress," in private possession, Haarlem. To the same period belong a number of pictures of sing- ing boys and flute-players in the galleries of Brussels, Berlin, Konigsberg, Schwerin, etc. ; and of jovial drinkers at Amsterdam, Cassel, etc. Especially fine examples of this genre are the "Fool Playing a Lute." at Amsterdam, and "La bohemienne," in the Louvre. The original of the famous "Hille Bobbe," an old woni.an with an owl upon her shoulder and a tankard of wine in her hand, is in the Berlin Museum. There are replicas at Dresden and in the Metropolitan Mu- seum, New Y'ork, probably by Frans Hals the younger. The latter museum also possesses a genre piece of a "Smoker." ' Hals was the head of a large school, and exer- cised a great influence upon Dutch painting. Among his pupils were Verspronk, the portrait painter; his brother. Dirk Hals, and Adriaen Van Ostadc, genre painters; the greatest genre painters of Holland — Metsu, Ter Borch, and Steen (q.v. ) — were under his influence. Five of his sons were painters. Of these the most im- portant was Frans Hals thk Younger (1620- C.1U60), who copied his father's pictures. Ex- amples of his independent works are in the Aren- berg Gallery and in the Royal Palace at Brussels, in the Schwerin Gallery, and iu the museums of Berlin and Konigsberg. Consult: Van der Willigen, Les artistes de Haarlem (Haarlem, 1870) ; Vosmaer and Unger, I'rans Ilals Oulcrie (Amsterdam, 1873) ; Knack- fuss, Frans Hals (Leipzig, 1897). The chief authority on Hals is W. Bode; see his Hludicn zur Gescliiclilc der holliindichen Malerei (Braun- schweig, 1883 ) , HALSCHNER, hPlsh'ner, Hugo Piiilipp Egmont (1817-89), A German criminalist. He was born at Hirschberg, Silesia, was educated at Breslau and Berlin, and in 1847 was made pro- fessor of law at Bonn, where he lectured on the history and nature of criminal law. In 1868 he was made a life member of the Prussian Upper House. His principal publications are: System des preussisehcn titrafreehts (2 parts, 1858 and 1868) ; Das Rccht Deiitschlands im Streit mil Diiiwmark (3d ed. 18G3), an important work in which the disputes between Germany and Den- mark are treated from the standpoint of tlie legal historian. HAL'STEAD, Murat (1829—). An Ameri- can journalist, born in Ross Township. Butler Co., Ohio. He was educated at Farmers' College, near Cincinnati, became a member of the staff of the Cincinnati Co»imerc^l in 1853, and in 1865 its chief owner. This journal was subse- quently consolidated with the Gazette of Cin- cinnati, as the Commercial-Gazette, of which he became the editor-in-chief. He was afterwards editor of the Brooklyn Htandard-Vnion, and then became a special newspaper correspondent and magazine writer, in which capacity he visited the Philippine Islands during the Spanish-American War. His books include a JAfe of William Mc- Kinley. a Life of Admiral Dcweij. and The Gal- veston Traficdy. HAL'STED, Btron David (1852—). An American botanist, born at Venice, N. Y'. He was educated at the Michigan Agricultural Col- lege, and. after two years' teaching in that insti- tution, at Harvard. In 1879 he became editor of the American Agriculturist. He was elected pro- fessor of botanv at Iowa Agricultural College (1885), and at Rutgers College (1889). Halsted gained most fame by his knowledge of weeds and fungi injurious to agriculture. He wrote: The Veffetahie Garden (1882); Form Conrrniences (1883) ; and Household Conveniences (1883). HALSTED, George Bruce (1853—). An American mathematician, bom at Newark, N. J. He graduated at Princeton in 1875. and studied at Johns Hopkins and in Berlin. He was in- structor in Princeton until 1884, when he was appointed to the chair of mathematics in the University of Texas. Halsted wrote on mathe- matics, philosophy, and formal logic in the Popu- lar Science Monthhi. in Mind, and the .imerican Journal of Mathematics : and piiblished: .1/c»?.<!h- ration (1881); Elements of Geometry (1885);
