HALSTED. 491 HAMADAN. Elementary Synlhctic Geometry (1892); Pure Projective Geometry (1895) ; and Xon-Euclidcun Geometry (1000). HALS'WELLE, IvKELEY (1832-01). An Kng- lish painter, born in Kiclnnond, Surrey. He first worked as an cnfjraver, and afterwards studied at the Koyal Seottisli Academy in Edinburgh. He exhibited "Vino Veritas" in 18.57, and '"The Bridge of Sighs" in 1858. The best know-n of hi-s Roman pietures are "Koba di Uoma" and "Xon Angli, sed Angeli." His landscapes usually treat Surrey scenery. His work is marked by beaitiful color and free, vigorous handling. HALYS, ha'lls. The old name of the Kizil Irmak (q.v.), the largest river in Asia Minor. HALYSITES, hal'I-si'tez (from Gk. Uvatg, halyaiti. chain). A fossil coral found in rocks of Ordovician and Silurian age in North America, Europe, and Australia, and distinguished by the chaindike figure produced by a cross-section of its mass upon the surface of a rock in wdiich it is imbedded. Halysites is a very characteristic fossil of the Niagara series, and two species, namely, Halysites catenularius and Halysites escharoides, are common in the Silurian coral reefs of North America and England, where they are known as 'chain corals.' HAM, aN. A town and fortress in the Depart- ment of Somme, France, on the Somme, 36 miles by rail from Amiens (Map: France. J 2), and 70 miles north-northeast of Paris. It is cele- brated for its mcdiieval castle, strengthened by modern additions, which has friequently served as a prison for political oft'enders. Louis Napoleon, afterwards Emperor, was a jjrisoner here from 1840 to 1846. After the coup d'etat of December 2, 1851. the Republican generals Cavaignac, La- moriciJre, Changaniicr. and others were kept here for some time. The donjon, a round tower, i.s 110 feet high, 110 feet broad, and has walls 36 feet thick. Other noteworthy features of the town are the twelfth-century Romanesque Church nf Notre Dame, recently restored, a belfry, pidjlic library, and museum. Population, in 1901, 3300. HAM (AS. hamm, OHG. hamma, dialectic Ger. Hamme. ham, haunch; connected with Gael. cam, Lat. camur. crooked). Properly, the hind part or angle of the knee; but usually applied to the cured thigh of the ox, sheep, or hog. more especially the last. Ham-curing and bacon-cur- ing are performed in .a variety of methods, each coimtry or district having its own peculiar treat- ment. The essential operations are salting and smoking. The curing of pork-hams forms a large and important item in the industry of various countries. See Packixg Ixdu.stby. HAM (perhaps originally the name of a deity to be compared with the first element in the name Ammizaduka. an early Babylonian king) . Accord- ing to Gen. X. 6-20. the second son of Noah, and ancestor of a group of people which includes Cush (Ethiopia). Epv'pt. Put. Canaan, and Baby- lonia, represented b.v Nimrod. The origin and meaning of the name are quite obscure. Older explanations connecting the word with a sup- posed name for Egypt. Kemi or Ohemi, signifying 'black.' or rendering it as 'hot' with reference to the district from which the Hamites caine. arc now discarded. The critical view of the tenth chapter of Genesis is that it is a composite pro- duction which has undergone much manipulation Vol. IX.— 32. at the hands of editors. Ham has been substi- tuted for Canaan, who, according to Gen. ix. 25, is in reality the 'younger son' of Noah, and who merited the curse of his father. According to an earlier version, the three sons of Noah were Shcm, Canaan, and .laphet — representing three groups settled in Palestine. When the originally local tradition, through circimistances which cannot be considered here, was extended into one of general etlmic significance, .laphct, originally Pluenicia (as it seems), became a term for the distant outlying nations of the north and northeast, and the near and dis- tant islands to the west in the Mediterranean ; Shem became the ancestor not only of the He- brews and their immediate relatives, but also of other nations like the Elamites (i.e. the Per- sians) who were favorable to the Hebrews; while Ham became the designation for all nations who, as enemies of the Hebrews at one time or the other, are 'accursed.' Hence, Egypt. Babylonia, Assyria, and the Canaanitcs with their oll'sprina are put among the Hamites. Viewed in this light, the list of nations in the tenth chapter of Genesis, while not altogether lacking in historical value, is of interest chiefly as revealing the geographical horizon of Jewish writers in the sixth and fifth centuries B.C., and the principles guiding these writers in their grouping of the nations known to them. A problem that is still unsolved is to determine the source whence the writer or writers obtained the name Ham, which will also explain the substitution of Ham for Canaan. Consult the commentaries on Genesis (chapter .x.) by Gunkel, Holzinger, Straek, Dill- mann, Delitzsch, Ball, and others ; also Knobel, Die Volkertnfel der Genesis (Giessen, 1850); Glaser, Gcschichte und Geographie Arabiens, vol. ii. (Berlin, 1890). HAM, East and We.st. Two Engli.sh munici- palities, east suburbs of London, from which they are separated by the river Lea (Map: London, D 9). Their growth and importance are due to their proximity to the metropolis, and to the numerous factories established in their midst to evade the prohibitive enactments of the Metro- politan Board of Works. Both city administra- tions are of a high order. West Ham owns a fine town hall, municipal buildings, a public hall, free libraries, a well-equipped technical institute, an electric-lighting plant, electric tramways, isola- tion hospitals, a lunatic asylum, public baths, and recreation grounds. E.ast Ham is well pro- vided with libraries, parks, and recreation grounds, electric lighting, and tramways, a new town hall, technical institute, and public baths. Population, East Ham, in 1891. 32.700: in 1001. 90.000; West Ham, in 1891, 204.900; in 1001, 267, .300. HAMA, hli-m.a' (the namnth of the Bible). A city of Syria, situated on both banks of the Orontes, aliout 120 miles north of Damascus (Map: Turkey in Asia, G 5). It is irregularly laid out with narrow, crooked, ill-paved streets, and houses built mostly of mud. It lias a number of mosques and well-stocked bazaars. Its manu- factures consist chiefly of rough woolen mantles, and cotton fabrics; trade is with the neighboring Bedouins, The population is estimated at 50,- 000. See Hamath. HAMADAN, hii'ma-diin'. A town of West- ern Persia, in Irak-Ajemi, situated in a very
