HANOVEK. 537 HANOVEK. Die Provins Hannover (ib., 1888) ; Ringklib, Statisiisches Handbuch dcr Pioniiz Hannover (till) ed., ill., 1897); Havemanii. (Icsrhichle dcr Lande liraunschueig and Liincburg (Giittingen, 1853-57) ; Grotefend, Oeschichle der 'crfassung des Konigreichs Hannover, ISH-.'iS (Hanover, 1857) ; Opporiiiann. Oescliichte Hunnovers von 18S^ bis 1860 (Leipzig, 1860-62); KiJcher, Ge- schichlc von Hannover iind liraunschiveig, IG'/S- ni.'t (Leipzig. 1884-96) ; Heineinann, Genehiehte von Braunsehweig und Hannover (Gotha, 1884- 92) ; Mcdiiig. Mcnioiren zur Zeitgesehielile (Leip- zig, 1881-84) ; Sybel, Die liegriindung des deutschen Reiehs durch Wilhelm 1. (Munich, 1893: translated New York, 1890-92). See Germany. HANOVEK. The capital of the Prussian Province of Hanover (q.v.). formerly the capital of the Hanoverian kingdom, situated in a low, level region, on both sides of the Leine, which here becomes navigable, in latitude 52° 22' N., and longitude 9° 45' E. (Map: Prussia, C 2). Its area is over 16 square miles. The mean aimual temperature is 48.5° F. — .January 34.2°, July 65.4° ; average rainfall 22.61 inches. Hanover Is composed of the Altstadt (old town), the Aegidien-Xeustadt, the Calenberger- Xeustadt ( dat ing from the thirteenth century ) , inclosed by the Leine and its little tributary the Ihrae, ami a number of suburbs. The town of Linden lies beyond tlie Ihme. Fifteen river bridges facilitate the eorauuinication between the various sections of the city. The environs abound with spacious parks and promenades which ennoble the city and justify its fame for dignified beauty. The Eilenriede — the city forest (about 1650 acres) — adjoins the town on the east, and contains the zoological gardens. The magnificent wide Lin- denallee. aliout one and one-half miles long, is celebrated, as well as the Grosse Garten, laid out by Le NStre and richly adorned with statues, etc. The Herrenhausen Castle, with its parks, its great fountain, and its rare collection of palms, is visited by all tourists, as is also the fine adjacent mausoleum containing monuments to Ernest Augustus and his Queen, by Ranch. In the oldest portion of Hanover are found many houses dating from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, with stucco facades. The newer parts of the city are generally modern in appearance, being handsomely built of stone and brick, and profusely adorned with monuments, fountains, etc. Among the conspicuous recent edifices are the magnificent municipal buildings, such as the railway station and the new Rathaus. The most veneraljle church in Hanover is the fourteenth- century brick Marktkirche, situated in the cen- tre of the old town. It has a tower 300 feet high, and contains some fine stained glass and a carved altar. The Gothic .lilgidienkirche, dating also from the fourteenth century, with a Renaissance tower, the modern Christuskirche with its fine stained glass, the Roman Catholic Marienkirche, and the old Nikolaikapelle, are the other note- worthy ecclesiastical edifices. In the churchyard of the Gartenkirche lies buried Goethe's famous l.otte (Charlotte Kestner). whose family has long been identified with Hanover. Among the secular buildings the most promi- nent are the Royal Palace, originally constructed in the seventeenth century, and rebuilt in 1.S17, with its majestic colonnade, its fine chapel con- taining a beautiful aliarpiece by Cranach, and interesting frescoes; two other royal palaces as- sociated with the history of the reigning families of Hanover and England, among them the old palace of George V., which was the favorite pal- ace of George 1. and George II. of England, and now used as a town hall ; the s]>lendid old late- Gothic Rathaus, built in 1439-55 and recently restored, with a frescoed Ratskellcr by Schai)er, and a bronze Gothic fountain in front ; the Royal Theatre, comideted in 1853, with an attractive facade decorated with statues of famous dram- atists and composers, and, in the foreground, a statue of Marsehner, formerly conductor of the Hanoverian Royal Orchestra; the provincial mu- seum : the Kestner mu.seum ; and the barracks, situated on the Waterlooplatz. This square is adorned by the Waterloo Column, surmounted by a figure of Victory, erected in 1826-32 in honor of the Hanoverians who fell at La Have Sainte. Among the numerous monuments in the city are the fine bronze e(iuestrian statues of King Ernest Augustus, by A. Wolff; the im- posing war moniiment (one of the best in Ger- many) by Voltz. dating from 1884, with symbolic figures of Germania and Hanover: and Dop- meyers's famous artistic "Goose-girl fountain." Another object of interest is Leibnitz's house, re- cently restored by Haupt. The city is a well-known educational centre, and a favorite place of residence for foreign fami- lies, who are attracted not only by the ])leasant and quiet charm of the capital, but by the purity of the German spoken there. The educational establishments comprise a school of technology (one of the four in Prussia), having various in- teresting collections, and an attendance of nearly 1500: a veterinary high school (one of the two in Prussia), founded by George III. of England in 1778; several seminaries for teachers; a decorative art high school; and a number of lyceums and military and industrial schools. The Royal Library contains over 200.000 volumes and 3500 manuscripts. The municipal library is also rich in manuscripts. The new provincial museum has among its various treasures an im- portant collection of pre-Christian antiquities, two picture-galleries of minor interest, includ- ing both ancient and modern canvases, and some statuarjf by Canova and Ranch. The Kestner Museum contains Egyptian and Roman an- tiquities, old manuscripts and incunabula, the famous Eulemann collection, paintings, minia- tures, etc. The Royal Theatre, with seats for 1800, is one of the leading theatres of Germany of the second rank. There are two good i)rivate theatres. The city has a celebrated military riding-school, and numerous scientific, historical, art, and art-industrial organizations, as well as important hospitals and charity homes. ■The city, as the capital of the Province of Han- over, is the seat of tlie Presidency and the higher coTirts. The administration of the city is in the hands of a director, a syndic, an executive board of fifteen senators or magistrates, and a municipal council of 24 members. The city is lighted by electricity, has an electric street rail- way, good water-works, and owns a market and a slaughter-house. Its budget for 1901-02 nearly balanced at about $2,100,000. The industrial importance of the city has been greatl}' increased in late years by reason of the
