HEL. 730 HELDEB. EEL, lial (Icel., probably meaning hidden, sc. goddess). The Northern goddess of the dead, vho dwelt beneath one of the three roots of the sacred ash Vggdrasil, and was the daughter of LoUi (q.v.), by the giantess Augurboda. IIcl, to- getlier with her brothers, the wolf Fenrir and the serjient Jormuiidgand, was bred up in the giants' home of Jiituuheim, where she remained till, at the request of the .Esir. or gods, tlie All-father sent for her and her brothers. Knowing that by their origin these children must prove a source of ealamitj", he resolved upon their destruction, anil after ca.sting the serpent into the deep ocean which surrounds all lands, and where it has grown so large that it encircles the whole world and bites its own tail, he hurled Hel into Niilheim (q.v.), over which he gave her authority, and in which she was to assign places to all who die of sickness and age. Her abode is surrounded by a high iuclosure with massive gates. Her dwelling is tliiuliiir (dark clouds) -, her dish, liungr (hunger) ; her knife, sullt (stajration) ; her servants, gangluti (slou moving) ; her bed, kur (sickness) ; and her curtains, hUkiandabiil (splendid miser}') ; and she is easily recognized by her fierce aspect and her half black, half flesh- colored skin ; and she rides a horse with only three feet. Faith in this goddess is not yet extinct. Hel- shoes (hell-shoon) are still put on the feet of the dead, and her dog is heard barking to give warning that death is at hand. In Norway, when any one recovers from dangerous illness he is said to have given Hel a bushel of oats, in allusion to the belief that she wanders around in the form of a horse. After the introduction and diffusion of Chris- tianity, the ideas personified in Hel gradually merged, among all the races of Northern and Ger- man descent, in the local conception of a hell, or dark abode of the dead. Consult: Thorpe, Northern Mythology (London, 1863) ; Grimm, j!/i/f/io?0(7i>, edited by Meyer (Berlin, 1875-78). HELBIG-, hel'biK, Wolfgang (1839—). A German archttologist. He was born at Dresden, and was educated at Giittingen and Bonn. After he had taught one year in the Joachimsthaler Gynmasium of Berlin, he went to Rome as schol- ar in the German Archsological Institute, of which he was made second secretary in 1865. This office he resigned in 1885, but did not leave Rome, save for occasional trips through Italy, Greece, Northern Africa, France, and Russia. His more important works ^re -.yv andgenuilde der t^om ^'cslll■• vcrschiittetcn Stiidte Gampanienx (1868); Vntcrsitchungen iiber die campavische Wandmalerei (1873); Beitriige zur altitalie- nischeii Kultur- und Kunstgeschichte{S79) ; Das homerische Epos aiis den. Dcnknwlern eridutert (1S87); Fiihrer dureh die ojjcntlichen Hamm- hingen klassischer Altertiimcr in lion (last ed. 1899) ; La collection Barracco d'apres la classi- fication, et avec le texte de G. Barracco et W. Hel- lig (1893). HELD, belt, Adolf. (1844-80). A German economist, born at Wiirzburg, and educated there. at ilunich, and at Berlin, where, in 1880, he be- came professor. He was drowned in the same year. A 'Socialist of the chair.' Held wrote: Careys Slozialvi.isenschaft und das Merkarttilsys- tem (1860) ; Die Einkommensteuer (1872) ; Die deutsche Arheiterpresse der Gegenwart (1873) ; Grundriss fiir Vorlcsungen iiber Nat ionalokofio- mie (1876); tio::ialisiHus, SoziaUlennokratic und Sozialpolitik (1878); and, edited by Knapp, Znx'i Backer zur sozialcn Gesckichte Englands (1881). HELD, H.NS Heinbich Liidwig von ( 1764- 1842). A Prussian patriot, born at Auras, and educated at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, Halle, and Helmstedt. For his open attack on the integrity of the Minister, Count Hoym, he w-as removed from his post in the customs service at Posen (1797); Init four years afterwards he published the famous 'Black Book' — so called from its binding — a second attack on the Min- isters Hoym and Goldbeck, under the title Die u-ahren Jakohiner im preussischen Btatit, oder aktenmiissige Darstellung der bosen Riinke und betriigcrischcn Dienstpiihrung zweier preus- sischen Staaisminister. For this publication, after a long trial, he was sentenced to eighteen months in jirison. His later writings were two pamphlets attacking Napoleon, and, in 1805, a eulogy of his patron, Struensee. In 1812 he re- ceived a minor appointment from the Minister Hardenberg; but the ill fortune of the preceding years had broken his spirit, and when the State money in his possession was stolen from him lie despaired of life and committed suicide. He wi-ote a Geschichte der drei Belagervngen Kolbergs im Sieb€nj.ahrigen Kriege (1848). Consult Griinhagen, Zerboni und Held in ihren Konflikten niit der Staa.tsgewalt (Berlin, 1897). HELDENBTJCH, hel'den-booG (Ger., book of heroes). A collection of old epic poems, connect- ed with the heroic legends of Germany. No manuscript exists, and the oldest printed edi- tion is without date. Tlie second copy was print- ed in 1491, and was afterwards reprinted in 1509, 1545, 1560, and 1590, and edited by A. von Keller at Stuttgart in 1867. It is an adnptation preseridng the general characteristics of the older poetic form, and contains the poems "Ornit. "Hugdietrich," "Wolfdietrich," the "Great Rose- garden." and the "Little Rosegarden. or King Laurin." A similar but inferior adaptation of the same material, with additions from the talcs of Attila and Dietricli, ap)iearcd about 1472. Of the latter w'ork one manuscript exists, now in Dresden. The collection is known by the name of one of its two writers, Kaspaj von der Rhijn (Gaspnril do la Roen). HELDEB, hel'der. A strongly fortified sea- port town of the Netherlands, situated on the narrow passage of Marsdiep which separates the mainland of the Province of North Holland from the island of Texel (Map: Netherlands, C 2). The city and surrounding country are protected from the inroads of the sea by an enormous dike nearly 5 miles long and 30 feet wide at the top. built of Norwegian granite. A road on the top of the dike connects Helder with the liarbor of Nieuwediep. the sea entrance to the North Holland Canal, which connects Helder with Am^'ierdam. Nieuwediep is one of the chief naval stations of the Netherlands, where are large docks, ship-yards, barracks and magazines, a naval hospital, and the roval cadet school. Owinff to its position at the northern end of the North Holland Canal. Helder has rapidly developed from a small fishing village into a city. Populntion. in 1900, 25.159. Helder is noted for the famous naval battle which took
