HOLY ALLIANCE. 158 HOLY FAMILY. tond its coercion Canning this at Christian nation; the three allied Princes look- in;,' on themselves as merely deleyated by Provi- dence to govern three branches of the One family, namely, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, thus con- fessing' that the Christian world, of which they and their i)eople forui a part, has in reality no other Sovereign than Uini to whom alone power really belongs rl.Ill. All the Powers who "shall choose solemnly to avow the sacred principles which have dictated the present Act . . . will be received with equal ardor and af-. fcction into this Holy Alliance. Done in tripli- cate and signed at Paris, the year of grace 1S15, 14/2(ith September. Perhaps the most noteworthy development from tlie Holy Alliance came from the attempt to e.- operation to the New World by the of Spain's revolted colonies. Ceorge (q.v.), on behalf of England, opposed the Congress of Verona, and the threatened invasion of American autonomy, together with the proposed colonization of the Pacilic coast of North America by Russia, the leader in the Alliance, brought from the (iovern-' ment of the United States the famous declara- tion of American policy known as the Jlonroe Doctrine (q.v.). For accounts of the Holy Alli- ance and its bearing upon contemporaneous his- tory, consult the histories of the time and the biographies of leading persons connected with it. HOLY CITY. The conunon designation among dilVeii'nl peoples and religious sects for the city regarded as the chief jjlace of their religion. The term is most often understood as applying to Home, but has been used also of Jerusalem, Al- lahabad. Benares, Mecca, Medina, Moscow, Kiev, and Cuzco. HOLY COAT. A relic preserved with the greatest reverence in the Cathedral of Treves (q.v.). It is alleged to be the seamless robe or upper garment of .lesus Christ ( .John xix. '2.S ) , and to have been discovered in the fourth cen- tury by the Empress Helena, in her memorable visit to Palestine (see Hklena, Saint) and by her deposited at Treves. The earliest definite documentary evidence, supported, however, by still earlier incidental testimony, dates from the eleventh century. The holy coat of Treves was solemnly exhibited to the public gaze in llUti, and again in oii. when Luther wrote against it and Leo X. appointed it to be exhibited every seven years. The Reformation and wars pre- vented the regular observance of this religioiis festival: but it was celel>rated in 1810, and was attended by a concourse of no fewer than 227,000 persons, aiid in 1814 and 1801 by still greater crowds, while miraculous cures were confidently asserted to be performed by the precious relic. 'I"he exhibition of the holy coat in 1844 led to the secession of the "Oerman Catholics" from the Catholic Church. The seandess coat of .Jesus is- also said to be preserved in the church at Ar- genteuil, near Versailles, but this claim is not considered well founded. The legend here is that it was given by Oiarlemagne to the monastery" lo- cated there, his daughter Tlieodrada being abbess. Consult: Heissel. Gischichtr ricft Ffeiligen Rockea (Treves, 1889) ; Clarke. I'ilfirimarie to the Holy Coat of Treves (London, 1892) ; Plater, The Holy Coat o^ Trcrcs (ib.. 1891). HOLY COMMUNION. See Lord's Sitper. HOLY CROSS. College of the. A Roman Catholic educational institution founded in 1843 and situated at Worcester, .Mass. It is under tho control of the Fathers of the Society of Jesus. It nuiintains collegiate and preparatory depart- nientji, and had in 1903 385 students, of whom 175 were in the preparatory school. At the same time its library contained 24,000 volumes, the buildings and groinds were valued at $4!I0,0I)0. and tile annual income was ,$20. 000. HOLY CROSS MOUNTAIN. A celebrated peak of the Kocky Abmiilaiiis in Colorado, situ- ated in Kagle (_ouiity. in the central |)art of the State, 15 miles northwest of Leadvillc. Its height is 14,000 feel. It <lerives its name from two snow-filled ravines, which cross each other at right angles, and present from a distance the appearance of a white cross. HOLY DYING, Rule and Exebcise.s of. . devotional manual, by Jeremy T.aylor. i)ul)lished in 1051. It reached a twenty-first edition in 1710; has been frequently republished during the nineteenth century: and may be said, with its equally popular companion tractate, Itiile and Ex- ercisc's of llohj lAiing (UioO). to offer a sum- mary of the duties and devotions necessary to a Christian life. HOLY FAMILY. The name given in art to representations of the Virgin and the Infant Saviour and their attendants. The earlie-t such composition is that in the Catacomb of Saint Calixtus in Rome, with the Prophet Isaiah. The Virgin is represented sitting on a seat, which soon became a throne, the traditional atti- tude up to the Renaissance. The Byzan- tine School, as early as the sixth century, invented the type "in which the Child is sealed directly " in the centre of the Vir- gin's lap, and is blessing, both figures gazing straight forward. .Some of these early pictures were regarded as painted by Saint Luke and en- dowed with miraculous powers. Such are a num- ber in the churches of Rome (e.g. at San Sisto, Santa Maria Maggiore. etc.), an<I Venice (e.g. that of Saint JIark, brought from Saint Sophia in 1204). Later, this school added attendant angels, who .sometimes, as in the school of Candia, bore the emblems of the Passion, the sight of which alJriglits the Child. The arrangement in which the angels are throne-bearing and adoring figures, in rhythmic arrangement on either side of an immense throne, was developed very beau- tifully by Cimabue and Duccio in their famous pictures at Florence and Siena. It was quite late in the Middle .ges when other figures were brought into the composition. These were, es- pecially. Saint Anna, the mother of the Virgin (.sometimes holding the Virgin in her laj)). Saint .Joseph, and as pla.Tnatcs to the Infant Clirist, the infant .John the Baptist (usually in goatskin and bearing a cross), or Saint Catharine (with whom Chri.st is being sometimes mystically married). Even the early legendary history of the infancy of Christ has been drawn upon for such scenes as the Twelve Ajjostles playing with the Infant Christ as boys — a scene peculiar to German art. Of all subjects of Christian art that of the Madonna and Child, comparatively unknown before the thirteenth century, came into overwhelming prominence, becoming the favorite thieme of the Italian painters of the Renaissance. Giovanni Bellini, Pcrugino, Fi- lippo Lippi, Leonardo. Raphael, and Andrea del Sarto may be mentioned among the many who frequently treated it. One of its variants at
