HORNTAIL. 218 HORR. with the nilulta usually l)oar.s a spine or liorn. 'J lie ovipositor is titteil for borinjj;, and the eggs nre usually laid in the woody tissue of trees and plants. The larva' feed beneath the outer bark. The group is not a large one. but contains a num- ber of eonunon and interesting speeies in the I'nited .States. The large "pigeon treniex,' for e.aniple. is often a rather serious em-niy to cer- tain sliade-ln'cs. such as the elm. sycamore, oak, and maple. The holes of this borer may lie recog- nized by their regular, evenly cut sliapc, about the diameter of a lead pencil. Another species is known as 'the willow-shoot horntaiV (I'lii/Ucecus integer) and docs much damage bj' ruining the terninal shoots of osier willow |)lanlalions in parts of the I'nited States. The families included in this group are the Oryssid.T. Siricid.'e. Xy- phvdridic. and Cephidie. Consult: Howard. The Insect liiKik (New York, 1901): Comstoek, lunu<il lor the Stiidi/ of Insects (Ithaca, 1895). HOR'NUNG, EiiNiiST WiLUAM (18CC— ). An English novelist, born in liiddlesborough, York- shire. He passed two years (1884-8G) in Aus- tralia. In 189,'J he married a sister of Conan Poyle. After returning to England he began a series of adventure novels dealing mostly with criminal life in .ustralia. .monghis novels are: .1 /Ji-i</c from the liiish (1800) ; Under Tico Skies (1892); Tiny Liittrell (1893); Irralie's Hush- ranger (I89fi) ; The Uogue's March (189C) ; The Amateur CracKsman (1809) : Dead Men Tell A'o Tales ( IS90) : The Belle of Tooral; (1000) ; The late of I'nuslina (1001) ; The Shadow of a Man (1901 I : and The Shadow of the Rope (1002). HORNYHEAD. One of the most widespread and numerous of American minnows (fji/bopsis lienliifl^iciisis) . It is a graceful, highly colored fish, six to nine inches long, the fins all pale orange without a black spot; and the males in spring marked with a crimson spot on each side of the head. The distinguishing feature, how- over, is the tubercle-covered crest on the top of the head of uie adults, and especially of the males in nuptial dress. It is a congener of the silver chub, and is known as 'river chub,' or 'jerker,' in some places, HORODENKA, lio'r.'.-drM.i'kft. A town in the Aiistrian Crownland of Galicia, on an affluent of llie Dniester, .3.'? miles north-northwest of Czerno- witz (Map: .Austria. J 2). It has an agricultu- ral school, linen-weaving factory, potash and scap works, and considerable trade in cereals. Population, in 1800. 11.102; in 1900, ll,(il5. HOROL'OGY (from Lat. horologium, Gk. iif)oyiov, from upayoi, hCrologos. telling the hour, from Sifia, horn, liour + byoi, logos, word, from Xi^tiv, legcin. to say). That branch of ap- plied science that has for its object the measure- ment of time. Although it is easy to look back on a period when time, according to the modern conception of it, as measured by hours, and minutes, and seconds, was unknown, yet we find progress early made in the measurement of larger periods of time, liy observations of tl>e heavenly bodies; and althoueh. in the later progress of astronomy, it i= found that the movements of the more conspicuous heavenly bodies do not af- ford accurate marks for the equable measure- ment eif time, they were, for practical objects, sufficient, and nfTorded at least a better measure of time than any other phenomena which came under llie obscn-ation of mankind. Thus, time was early divided into years, according to the motion of the sun among the constellations; into months, according to the motion of the moon relatively lo the sun's place in the heavens; and into days, by the alternate light and darkness caused uy the rising and setting of the sun. It was long, however, liefore any accurate measure was loiuid for a division of the ilay itself. The earliest measure employed for this purpose that we can trace is the shadow of an upriglit object, which gave a rough measure of time by the va- riations in its length and position. This sug- gested the invention of sun-dinls. Another means early adopted for the measurement of short periods of time was by the ipiantity of water dischargeil by dropi)ing from one ves.sel into an- other. Instruments fcir the measurement of time on this principle were called clepsydra' (q.v.). The running of fine sand from one vessel into another was found to afford a still more certain measure, and hence the invention of the hour- glass (q.v.). King .Ifred is said to have ob- sered the lapse of time by noting the gradual shortening of a lighted candle. It is not very easy to trace to its source the history of the in- vention to which the modern clock owes its parentage; the earliest clock, however, of whiili we have a complete description, ami perhaps the earliest which attained any distinct superiority over the rude contrivances already mentionc(l, was the clock of Henry Vic (De Vick or De Vyck), a German, erected in the tower of the palace of Charles V.. King of France, in 1379. For the description of this first mechanical timekeeper, and for the subsequent history of dock and watch making, see Clock: Watch; I'f.xorn M : KsCAPEMEXT. The history of tlic science of horology and of the mechanical art of the clock, watch, and chronometer maker are so intermingled that they cannot be considered .sepa- rately. They may, therefore, be found under these heads. See also Time, Stanuaru; Tra.v- SIT iNSllilMEXT. HOROSCOPE ( Fr. horoscope, from Lat. horo- seojtiitin, from Gk. upoffKOTreiov, hOrt/slcoprion, iiponKlnrMv, horoskopion, horoscope, from upo- (TKOTTOS, hi'iroskopos, one who observes the Imur of a birth, from Cipa, hora, hour + iTKoirttii, skopein. to view). In astrology, strictly speak- ing, that part of the ecliptic which is ascend- ant or rising in the east at the moment of an occurrence whose outcome is to be calculated, such as the birth of a child ; thence, more gen- erally, the figure of the heavens, constructed with tliis as starting-point, on which the subsequent predictions are to be based. See A.stbology. HORR, HoswElL G. (1830-90). An American journalist and campaign speaker, born in Waits- field, Vt. He graduated at . tioch College (Ohio) in 18.57, served as clerk of the Court of Common Pleas of Lorain County. Ohio, from 1857 to ISO.I, and was subsequently admitted to the bar. He spent some years in mining in Alissouri, and in IS72 resumed his law practice at Saginaw. Mich., where, in 1878. he Avas elected to Congress as a Republicrin. He was reelected in 1880 and 1882. and after 1884 became one of the best known campaign speakers in the Republican Party, touring the country from Maine to C.ili- ffirnia in the Presidential campaigns of 18S4. 1888. 1892, and 189(). and attracting particular attention bv his joint debat,>s with Senator Stewart, of" Nevada, in 1893, and with 'Coin'
