HYPEE.IDES. 403 HYPERTKOPHY. under Plato, and oratory under Isoerates, he be- gan his public career as an advocate in the Athenian courts of justice, and joined the pa- triotic party, at that time led by Demosthenes and Lycurgus. He fitted out two triremes at his owTi expense for the Euboean expedition of B.C. 358. In B.C. 338, when the disastrous fight of C'haTonea laid Greece at the mercy of Philip, Hy- perides proposed that the citizens should .send tlieir wives and children to places of security, and fight it out to the last. Though this desper- ate advice was not taken, iti^enuine patriotism was appreciated and rewarded by his countrymen. W'lien the death of Philip revived the hopes of the anti-Macedonian faction, Hyfierides promoted the alliance with Thebes, and after the destruc- tion of that city by Alexander was one of the orators demanded of the Athenians by the Mace- donian king. Alexander, however, did not press his demand, and Hyperides continued to oppose the Macedonian influence as strongly as ever. The arrival in Athens of Harpalus. the runaway treasurer of Alexander, then absent on his East- ern conquests, disturbed the friendly relation that had hitherto subsisted between Hyperides and Demosthenes, for in this celebrated case Hy- perides, as one of the few anti-Macedonians who were above suspicion, was chosen to prosecute his friend. (See Demosthenes.) In the Lamian 'ar. which followed the death of Alexander, Hy- perides took a leading part, and he spoke the finieral oration over his countrymen who had per- ished in battle. The year B.C. 322 saw the hopes of Athens finally crushed at the battle of Crannon. The chiefs of the patriotic party sought safety in flight. Hyperides was overtaken at ^-Egina and put to death. Tradition says that his tongue was torn out by his captors, or that he bit it out to avoid betraying his friends. As an orator Hy- perides was ranked high by the ancients ; it is said that some critics preferred him to Demosthenes. The 'grace' of his speeches was especially praised. The writer of the Lires of the Ten Orators enu- merates 7.5 speeches, of which 52 were consid- ered genuine. X'ntil recently these were known only in scanty fragments, but late in the last cen- tury a number of papyri were discovered in Egypt which contain six speeches in a fairly complete state, including the famous funeral oration. Tills fully justifies the praise of the ancient critics, and may be ranked as one of the finest products of Greek oratory. A complete edition of the speeches and fragments has been published by Blass (Leipzig. 1804). The orations Against Alhenoffcnes and Afjainst Philippidcs have been edited, with an English translalion, by Kenyon (London. 1893). Consult: Blass, Aftisc^he Bcred- samkcif. iii (Leipzig, 1898) ; Jebb, Attic Orators, ii. (London. 1880). HYPE'RION. See Titans. HYPERION. ( 1 ) A poetic fragment by John Keats. It deals with the overthrow of the old order of Saturn by the new one of .lupiter in Greek mythology, was begun in 1818. recast but by no means for the better in 1819, and finally published in 1820. (2) A romance by Longfel- low, published in 1839. Its sale during the first twenty years approximated l.'i.OOO copies. It narrates the wandering through Germany of Paul rieiiiming, the partly autobiographical hero, and contains nuich of German romance, introduced by translations of legends and poems. HYPE'RIUS, Andeeas Gerhard (1511-64). A Protestant theologian and reformer, born at Ypres, whence his learned name Hyperius, Ger- hard being his family name. Ue was educated at the University of Paris, and traveled in the Neth- erlands and in Germany. Driven from England (where he lived four j'ears with William Mount- joy, Erasmus's friend) by the persecutions of 1540, he went to Germany, was converted to Prot- estantism, and became professor of theology at Marburg. A deep scholar and a liberal theolo- gian, he was accused of Zwinglian views on the Lord's .Supper. He wrote : Methodi Theologies JAbri III. (15G6); De Formandis Concionibua Hacris (1553) ; and De Recte Formando Theolo- gice Htudio (1556), the first scientific dictionary of theology. HY'PERMET'AMOR'PHOSIS. See Meta- morphosis. HY'PERMETRCPIA. See Sight, Defects OF. HY'PERMNES'TRA (Lat., from Gk. 'IVcp- uvi/arpa ) . One of the Dana ids. She alone of the daughters of Danaiis disobeyed his command to slay her husband, Lynceus, but was eventually pardoned by her father. HY'PERCPIA (from Gk. 6-ip, hyper, above -|- wi/i, ops, sight). A congenital or acquired error of refraction of the eye. Owing to too little convexity of the refracting surfaces, parallel rays of light do not converge to a focus on the retina, like in the normal eye, but to a point somewhere behind the same. It is usually called Hyperme- tropia. long-sightedness, and is the opposite of myopia. HY'PERSPACE. See Geometry. HryPERSTHENE (from Gk. vTrip, hyper, over + (r6ivoi, sf/iCHOS, strength) . An iron-mag- nesium silicate. It crystallizes in the orthorhom- bic form, but is also found in granular masses. Associated with labradorite and other basic feld- spars, it is an important constituent of certain eruptive rocks, such as gabbro and noritc. and is widely distributed, especially in Sweden. Norway, Greenland, the Adirondacks, and Canada. When cheny-red in color it may be cut and polished, and used as an ornamental stone. HYPERSTHENE GAB'BRO. See Gabbro. HYPER'TROPHY (from Gk. vttcp, hyper, over + Tpoiilj, trophe, nourishment, from Tpt^ttv, trcphcin, to nourish). The term applied in medicine to the abnormal and disproportion- ate enlargement of any part of the body. Ex- amples of this change are seen in the muscular system, where it may occur altogether indepen- dently of disease. The huge bosses of flesh that stand prominently forward in the arm of a black- smith or of a pugilist, and in the leg of a ballet- dancer, are illustrations of hypertrophy from in- creased use, where the general health may be jierfcet. In double organs, such as the kidneys and lungs, if the organ on one side degenerates through disease, the organ on the opposite side is often found to enlarge, and carry on double work. In these cases hyiwrtrophy is an effect of disease, but is at the same time a preservative of life. There are, however, cases in which the hyper- trophy has a hurtful instead of a conservative elTeet. as. for example, hypertrophy of the thy- roid gland, constituting the disease known as
