HETJMANN. 42 HEWIT. head of the academy at Oottingen. He contrib- uted larj;ely to the growth of tliis school and to its change to a university. In the unixersity he 'was luaiie professor of the historj- of literature (1734), and of theology (1745"). His great works, Acta I'hilosnplioium (last ed. 1717-24), and CotisiHchi.i Hcspublicw Lilrratiw (last ed. 1791-U7), by the use of the analytical system, founded nioiiern (ferman literary history. He also translated, with a coninicntarv, the New Testanieiil (1750-G3). Con.sult the life by Cas- sius H':i>if!. 17liS,i. HEUMANN VON TfiUTSCHENBRUNN, f6n toit'shm-broTin, tJoilAS.N (17Ut>0). . Ger- man jurist and writer on diplomacy, bom at Muggcndorf in Bavaria, and educated at Altdorf, where in 1740 he became professor. The first jurist to approach the study of diplomacy in a scientific manner, he wrote: Comnu)il<irii de He Diplomnlica hnpcratoriim ac Kcyum (lermaniw (1745-5.3): Exrrrilntionrs Juris i'niversi (1749- 57) ; Initio Juris ['olitia; Gcrmania; (1757) ; and Oeist tier Gesetzc dcr Deutschen (17G1). HETJN, hoin, Karl Gottlieb Saxii-el (1771- 1854). A German novelist, known imdir the pseudonin 11. Claurcn. bom at Dobriluck, and educated at Leipzig and Giittinpen. He l>ccame in 1792 secretary in the departments of Mining and Foundries in Westphalia, but he left the Prussian service in ISOl to become nianaacr of an estate near Posen. Ten years later he re- turned to IV'rlin. received a place in a burc.iu of the Chancellor Hardenberp, and in 1820 t)ecame editor of the I'rcussischc Utaalszeitung. Heun is best known by the first line of a ])oem on the War of Liberation, Dcr Konip ricf, uud allc. aUe kamen. which has become proverbial. His novels, realistic but full of false sentiment and of doubt- ful morality, arc no longer read in Ger- many. They include: Erzahlunqen (1810-20) : Pie grauc Sluhe, and Mimili (18241; and Srhcr: und Ernst (1820-28). Heun also wrote some dramas, which were collected, Luatspirlr (2d ed. 1827). .- collection of all his works appeared at Leipzig in twenty-five volumes (1851). HEVEA, t'e'vi'-,'i. A pi'nus of about ten species of trees, natives of tropical South America, of the natural order Kuphorbiacea", characterized by tri- foliate leaves, loose panicles or coroUaless flowers, and a trivalved capsular fruit. The species, espe- cially Uerrn Itrnzilirnsi!!. furnish the highest prade of South .merican india-rubber. The seeds are eaten by birds, but are considered poisonous to man and other animals unless boiled, a process which m.Tke= theni edible. HEVE'LITTS, HEVEL, b.A'vel. or HEWEL- KE, ha v.-'l'kr. .loiiAXXKS (1611-87 t. One of the most celebrated astronomers of the seventeenth eentur>-. He was born and died at Danzig. In 1641 he erected an observatory in his own house, furnished it with large telescopes constructed by himself, and devoted himself to a.stronomical ob- ser-ations. He was the first astronomer, with the exception of Gassendi. to observe a transit of Mer- cury (Gassendi's observation was made in 1631. that of Heveliu* in 1661 ) : and it is now generally conceded that he ranks next to Flamsteed among the astronomers of hie day. Toward the end of his life he opposed the notion of usin? telescopic sights for astronomical instruments of precision, believing that the old method of observing through pinholes, etc., was superior. Halley (q.v. ) was at one time sent to Danzig by tbo Uoyal Society of London to examine into this question, and the controversy was decided against him. Heveliua's observ-atory and library perislied by (ire iu 11)79. His extant works include tho following: i<elcnogr<iphin, ncu Otscriptio Luiiw (1647); De Xatura Haturni (1656); Comcto- yruphia (1068); Machina Ccelestis (1673); I'ro- dromus Aslronomiw (1690). His letters were published in 1683. Consult Seidemann, Jokiuinea llcvclius (Zittau, 1804), HEVESI, he've-shf, LUDWIO (1843—). A ticrman Hungarian journalist and humorist, sometimes writing under the pseudonym of Onkcl Turn. He was born at Heves, studied classical philology and medicine at Vienna, and entered journalism in 1865. In. the following year he became one of the editors of the I'csirr Lloyd; then helped launch the Hungarian journal llorsszcm Jnnko; from 1871 to 1874 edited the Vienna juvenile Kleinc Leute; and in 1875 be- came the art and dramatic critic of the Frrm- denblall. He writes mainly in German. His works include the humorous sketches of travel and collections of stories: .Si'e sollen ihn nicht hahcn (1871); Dcs HchnMdergescUcn Andreas Jelkxi Ahenteuer in rier Wcltteilcn (1875) ; Auf der Sonnenseitc (1886) ; /?iic/i der Launc (1890) ; Ein engJischer l^eptevtbcr (1891); Fcgcnbogcn (1S92): Von Kalnu bis Sakkingen (1893): aiiicklickc Reiscn (1895); Die AlthofUuic (1897) ; Illaue Fcrnen. neuc Heiscbilder (1897) ; Das bunte liuch. Humorcsken (1898); Wiener Totenlanz (1899) ; Der zerbrochcne Franz nebst andcrn Ihimoresken (1900); and MncEck's son- derbare T'ei.ien (1901) : the biographies. Zerlinc Oabilhm (1894) and Milhelm Junker (1896): and in Hungarian. Karezkdpek (1876), descrip- tive of life in Budapest. HEWES, hilz, .TcsKPTi ( 1730-79) . A signer of the Declaration of Independence, bom at Kings- ton, X. .1. He was educated at Princeton, and then went to Philadelphia, where he engaged in business. About 1760 he settled in Edenton, X. C, and was soon afterwards elected to the lycgislative -ssenibly. In 1774 he was elected to the Continental Congress, of which, with the ex- ception of a brief period when he de<lincd to sere. he continued a member until his death, signing the Declaration of Independence in 1776. HEWIT, iifilt, Atni-.sTTNE Francis (1820- 97). .
American Roman Catholic clergyman,
superior of the Paulist Fathers. He was bom in Connecticut, the son of Nathaniel Hewit, and was b.nptized as Nathaniel .^ugustus. He graduated at .mhcr-t in 1830: entered the Congregational ministry in 1842. but a year later joined the Episcopal Church. In 1S46 he was re<-eived into the Roman Catholic Church, and in 18.50 entered the Redemptorists. He joined Fathers Heeker, Walworth, and other members of that Order in founding, in 1858. the Congregation of Saint Paul the Apostle, and was made professor of theology, philosophy, and Holy Scriptures in their semi- nary. On the death of Father Heeker he became superior of the Paulists. He edited the Cnthotie World (1869-74), and was a regular contributor to the .4mcrican Catholic Quorterlii Rericir. .mong his works are: Reasons for f/ubmitting to the CnthoUe Chtirrh (1S46') : Problems of the Agf (1868): and The King's Hightrag. or the Catholic Church the Way of Salvation (1874)
