1900. The Governors, since its organization as a Territory, have been as follows:
| TERRITORIAL | ||
| William H. Harrison | 1800-1811 | |
| John Gibson | 1811-1813 | |
| Thomas Posey | 1813-1816 | |
| STATE | ||
| Jonathan Jennings, | Democrat-Republican, | 1816-1822 |
| William Hendricks, | ““ | 1822-1825 |
| James B. Ray, | ““ | 1825-1831 |
| Noah Noble, | ““ | 1831-1837 |
| David Wallace, | Whig, | 1837-1840 |
| Samuel Bigger, | “ | 1840-1843 |
| James Whitcomb, | Democrat, | 1843-1849 |
| Joseph A. Wright, | “ | 1849-1857 |
| Ashbel P. Willard, | “ | 1857-1861 |
| Henry S. Lane, | Republican, | 1861 |
| Oliver P. Morton, | “ | 1861-1867 |
| Conrad Baker, | “ | 1867-1873 |
| Thomas A. Hendricks, | Democrat, | 1873-1877 |
| James D. Williams, | “ | 1877-1881 |
| Albert G. Porter, | Republican, | 1881-1885 |
| Isaac P. Gray, | Democrat, | 1885-1889 |
| Alvin P. Hovey, | Republican, | 1889-1891 |
| Ira J. Chase, | “ | 1891-1893 |
| Claude Matthews, | Democrat, | 1893-1897 |
| James A. Mount, | Republican, | 1897-1901 |
| Winfield T. Durbin, | “ | 1901- |
Bibliography. Smith, Early Indiana Trials and Sketches (Cincinnati, 1858); Dillon, History of Indiana (Indianapolis, 1859); Dunn, Indiana (Boston, 1888); Foulke, Life of Oliver P. Morton (Indianapolis, 1899); Ball, Northwestern Indiana (Chicago, 1900); Indiana Historical Society Publications (Indianapolis, 1900 et seq.).
INDIANA. (1) A romance by George Sand (1832), and the name of the heroine, a young Creole, ignorant of the world and married to a husband much older than herself. Her love is gained by Raymon, a man of leisure, who, when she yields to his ascendency, refuses to compromise himself and repulses her offer. After Raymon's marriage and the death of her hus band, she becomes the wife of an English lover The novel was written after the author had separated from her husband and voices her indignation at the results of ill-assorted marriages, Indiana, which was George Sands first novel, had a great success from the social question in- volved and the intense individuality which the author put into her work. (2) A character in Steele's comedy, The Conscious Lovers.
INDIANA ASBURY UNIVERSITY. See De Pauw University.
INDIAN AFFAIRS. The position of the Indian tribes within the limits of the United States is anomalous. Strictly speaking, they are not a part of the body politic, but are regarded as ‘domestic dependent nations,’ and are officially spoken of as the ‘wards’ of the nation. So long as they maintain their tribal relations, their right to regulate their domestic affairs has been generally conceded. Recently this right has been restricted by acts of Congress enlarging the jurisdiction of the Federal courts in respect to crimes committed by Indians. The tribes inhabiting the Indian Territory, namely, the Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles, are officially known as the ‘five civilized tribes.’ They have adopted the habits of civilized life and live under well-ordered governments. Each nation has its own popularly elected executive, legislature, and judiciary. They may enact such laws for the regulation of their internal affairs as do not conflict with the Constitution and laws of the United States, while the decisions of their courts receive the same recognition as to faith and credit as those of the Territories. The title to land occupied by them is not in the individual members of the tribe, but in the nation as a whole, and it can be alienated only with the consent of the Government. White men may become members of an Indian nation by adoption, and are then subject to the jurisdiction of the tribal courts, although they still retain their citizenship. The Supreme Court has held that an Indian born within the jurisdiction of a tribe can become a citizen of the United States only by naturalization. By an act of Congress, however, passed in 1887, it was provided that Indians residing on lands allotted to them in severalty should be considered as citizens of the United States without the formality of naturalization. The immediate effect of the act of 1887 was to confer citizenship upon 10,122 Indians to whom allotments had already been made under special laws and treaties. Every year from 1000 to 2000 Indians signify their desire of becoming citizens by taking allotments. The right of Indians to sue and be sued in both Federal and State courts is well recognized, and they are frequently given the right of suffrage by the States in which they reside. At the present time there are estimated to be over 20,000 Indian voters in the United States. The Constitution confers upon Congress the power to regulate commerce with the Indian tribes, and until the year 1871 the common method of dealing with them was by treaty through the agency of special commissioners. In that year, however, an act of Congress abolished this practice, and placed under the immediate control of Congress all commercial or diplomatic intercourse with the Indians.
From an early period it has been the practice of the Government to conclude treaties with the Indians for the extinction of their possessory right to the lands occupied by them and for their removal to certain territories specially set apart for their occupation. These lands are known as Indian reservations, the largest and most important of which at the present time is the Indian Territory (q.v.), created in 1834. Whenever the United States sets apart an Indian reservation, whether within the territorial limits of a State or not, it has full authority to protect the Indians in their persons and property and to provide for the punishment of all offenses committed within the reservation. An Indian reservation lying within the limits of a State is, however, subject to its jurisdiction also except so far as concerns the government and protection of the Indians themselves, unless otherwise provided by treaty with the Indians. While all territory officially known as ‘Indian country’ is subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, and while it belongs to Congress to enact laws for the regulation of intercourse of Indians with one another and with citizens of the United States, it is the policy of the Government to leave to the Indians the regulation of their own domestic concerns as far as practicable. By acts of 1885 and 1890 Congress curtailed the jurisdiction of the Indian tribal courts. By the act of 1885 the authority to administer their own criminal laws among themselves, so far as certain enumerated crimes committed by Indians are concerned, was withdrawn and vested in Territorial courts. By the act of 1890 the Federal courts were given jurisdiction of all civil cases in the Indian Territory except those over which the tribal courts have exclusive jurisdiction, and over all cases of con-
