INQUISITION. 645 INSANE ASYLUM. tion of spiritual punishments, such as excom- munication. (Joiisult: Lea, History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ayes (3 vols., Ni'W York. 1887-88), a stanilard work ; French tsanslation, containing the author's latest revisions, by lieinach (Paris, 11)01), ir.), with an excellent hibliographieal in- trodiietion by Freilericq ; ilolinier, L'inquisition duns le midi de la France (Paris, 1880) ; Tanon, Histoire des trihunaux de I' inquisition en France (Paris, 18;)3) ; Fredericq, (leschiedenis dcr in- quisitie in de Nedrrlanden {2 vols., Ghent, 18!i2- SJ6) ; Gams, Kirehengcschichte Kpaniens, vol. iii. ( Regensburg, lS(i2-7y)'; Lea, Chapters from the Religious Histort/ of Spain (Philadelphia, 1890) ; Hefele, Cardinal Ximenes (Eng. trans., 2d ed., London, 188.5) ; Rodrigo, Historia verdadera dc la Inquisicion. (3 vols., Madrid, 1876) ; Orti y Lara, La Inquisicit'm (Madrid, 1877). The lit- erature is voluminous, but these books represent all points of view now lield by scholars, and will furnish more complete bibliographies. INQUISITION. The formal instrument in writing setting forth the verdict or decision of * sheriff's or coroner's jury as a result of their inquiry into the facts of the matter referred to them. It is certilied and signed by each of the jurors, and is usually required to be filed in some public office as a record of the inquest. It does not operate as a judgment, but is sometimes the basis of further proceedings in the matter. For example, if a coroner's jury summoned to inquire into the cause of the dealli of A find that he was killed by B under circumstances not justi- fiable by law, tile proper authorities will cause the latter to be indicleil. The inquisition is not evidence against him, being merely for the infor- mation of the public jirnsccutor. The word is less frequently used to describe the proceedings at an inquest, but this leads to confusion, 'and is not sanctioned by the best authorities. See Inquest. IN BEM (Lat.. in, or with respect to. a thing). In the classification of legal rights, a right in rem is a right of a general character, available against the whole world, as distin- guished from a right in personam, which is a right against a determinate jier.son {in personam crrtam). Rights in rem are not limited to things, i.e. to proiXTty, as the phrase might indi- cate, but comprehend all rights, whether in re- spect to person or projierty, which are claimed or asserted against all jiersons whatsoever, and not against any particular individual. Thus the right not to be assaulted, the right to personal liberty and security, are rights in rem, as well as the right to be free from trespass or other invasion of a property right. See In Person.m. The expression is also employed to designate a form of action in which the remedy sought is not damages against an individual, but the seizure and deiention of specific articles. In such cases the thing sought to be recovered or charged with the claim of the plaintilT is personified for the purpose of making it the defendant in the action. Such proceedings are not common in our legal system, the ordinary process for the recovery of land or goods being really an action in per- sonam against the person wrongfully withholding the property. But in admiralty practice such actions are common. They are brought for the enforcement of maritime lien>- against a vessel or cargo, for the recovery of salvage, to procure the forfeiture of property for a violation of the revenue laws, or to obtain possession of a prize in time of war. See Maeitime Law. I. N. R. I. The first letters of the Latin in- .scrijitiou placed on the cross by Pilate at the crucifixion of Christ: lesus a::arenus Ilex lu- dtrorum, '.Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews' (.Tolin xix. 111). INSANE ASYLUM. An institution for the care and treatment of the insane. Monasteries appear to have been the representative of such retreats in the mediaeval Christian times; but restraint and rigid asceticism characterized their management. Out of conventual e.stahlishments grew the bethlems, or bedlams, with which the English of two generations ago were familiar. { See Bedlam. ) The vast majority of the insane must have been neglected: in some countries, reverenced as specially God-stricken : in others, tolerated, or tormented, or laughed at, as simple- tons or hufToons; in others, im])risoned as social pests, even executed as criminals. In a few spots, enjoying a reputation for sanctity, or where miraculous cures of nervous diseases were supposed to have been effected, such as Gheel and Saint-Suaire, communities were formed, of which lunatics, sent with a view to restoration, formed a large part, and resided in the houses 01 the peasants, and partook of their labor and enjoyments. Asj'lums, properly so called, date from the commencement of the nineteenth cen- tury: and for many years after their institution, although based upon sound and benevolent views, they resembled jails both in construction and the mode in which they were conducted, rather than hospitals. Until about 1880 a model erec- tion of this kind was conceived necessarily to consist of one vast building, the centre of which was appropriated to the residence of the officers, the kitchen and its dependencies, the chapel, etc., from which there radiated long galleries, in which small rooms, or cells, were arranged upon one or both sides of a corridor or balcony, having at one extremity public rooms, in which the agitated or non-industrial inmates, as the case might be, spent the day, while the more tractable individuals were withdrawn to engage in some pursuit, either in workshops, clustered round the central house, or in the grounds attached, which were surrounded by high walls. The population of such establishments, when they vere appro- priated to paupers, ranged from 100 to 1400 ])atieiits. These were committed to a stall' com- posed of a medical otiicer. matron, and attend- ants, to whom were directly intrusted the man- agement, discipline, and occupation of the insane, in accordance with regulations or prescriptions issued by the' physician. A gradual but great revolution has taken place in the views of psy- chologists as to the provisions and requirements for the insane during seclusion, chiefly through Conolly's influence, in 1847 and subsequently. As a result of this change, asylums, especially for the wealthy classes, are similar in their arrangements to ordinary dwelling-houses: while it is proposed to place the indigent in cottages in the immediate vicinity of an infirmary, where acute cases, individuals dangerous to themselves or others, or in any way untrustworthy, could be confined and actively treated, as (heir condi- tion might require. In all such establishments, whether now entitled to be regarded as cottage
