INVESTITUKE. 729 INVOICE. tlie taking of an oath of fealty to a lay suzerain by an ecclesiastic, even though hnliling under him by the ordinary feudal tenure. The contest lasted from 1075 to 1122. In the be- ginning of tlie twelfth century it assumed a new form, when I'ope Paschal II. actually agreed, in 1111, to surrender all the possessions with which the Church had been endowed, and which alone fiunied the pretext of the claim to investilure on Ihe part of the Emperor, on condition that the Knipcror Henrj- V. give up that claim to investi- ture. This, however, never had any practical ill'ect; but, the other subjects of contention being removed, the contest was finally adjusted by the celebrated Concordat of Worms in 1 122, by the terms of which the Emperor agreed to give up the form of investiture with the ring and pastoral staff, to grant to the clergy the right of free elections, and to re.store all the pos- sessions of the Church of Rome which had been seized either by himself or by his father; while the Pope, on his part, consented that the election should be held in the presence of the Emperor or his representative ; that investiture might be given by the Emperor, but only In/ the liiiicli of llir sceptre; and that the bishops and other Clmrch dignitaries should faithfully discharge all the feudal duties which belonged to their fief. For the investiture troubles in Germany, con- sult: Mirbt, Die Publizistik im Zeitalter (Iregors VII. (Leipzig, 1894) : in England, Bfihmer, Kirche und f^taat in Enriiand xind in der .Yoi- iiiandie im JI. und Xll. .luhrhundert ( Leii)zig, ISO!)) ; for those in France: Imbart de la Tour, Leu elections Episcopates dans realise de France dii IXcnic au Xlleme siecle (Paris, 1891); Ihach,Z>fr Kampf zwischen I'apsttum und Kmiig- turn von (Ircgor VII. bis Calixtus II. (Frankfort, 1884). INVINCIBLE ARMADA. Sec Armad., INVINCIBLE DOCTOR, The (Lat. Invin- cibilis Doctor). A name given to the English theologian William of Occam, on account of his logical iiii'fhods of argument. INVINCIBLES (Lat. inrincibilis. unconquer- able, from in-, not + vincibilis, con(|uerable. from rinccre, to conquer; connected with Olr. ficliim, I fight, OChurch Slav, veh-ii. strength, Goth. iceihan, to fight, AS. wiricnd. OHG. uhjant, Ger. Wcigand. warrior) . Members of a secret Irish society composed of some of the most desperate spirits of the Fenian associ:ition. Each member was acquainted by name with but two others — the one who nominated him to membership, and the one whom he in turn nominated. The chief was a mysterious person known simply as No. 1. The object of the society was the assassination of offi oials. CcmsnM Annual Register (London, 1883). Sec Fenian Society. INVIOLABILITY (Lat. inriolabililns. from inriolabilis, inviolable, from in-, not + riohibilis, violable, from riolarc, to violate, from ris. Gk. fs, i.'!, strength, violence). In international law, the freedom or imnumity which att:u'hcs, to a greater or less degree, to the public vessels and their crews and to the diplomatic agents of one country when within the territory of another State, and also in a very limited degree to mer- chant vessels in foreign waters. This imnumity is extended upon the fiction of exterritoriality (q.v.). With respect to public vessels, it does not allow the granting of asylum (q.v.) to criminals or fugitive slaves, but custom seems to have established the right of such vessels to grant hospitality to political refugees who with- out invitation come to these vessels and ask for I)rotection. This grant of asylum does not give the right to the foreign State to demand the surrendering of the political refugee nor to ex- ))el the shij) from its waters. When the com- mander of the vessel harbors a criminal, re- sort must be had to a diplomatic appeal; in- vasion of the ship is not allowed. Should the vessel, however, be made the headquarters of treason, or aid or assist in insurrection or dis- orders against the .State, such measures as are necessary for self-protection may, of course, be taken. .Merchant ships hiive but a slight degree of inviolability, such as that which permits them to regulate their internal discipline by their home laws, certain restrictions on the right of search, etc. From the earliest times envoys or others sent on diplomatic errands from one State to another have been held sacred or inviolate in their persons during their stay. While this has I'cen the general rule, the modern uniform ob- servance of such imnmnity. as it now exists among civilized nations, is a late development. ]ormerly it was neither so extensive, nor was it free from frequent violation. Inviolability attaches at once upon the entrance of the envoy or minister, and extends during his entire residence. While it exi.sts it protects him, his residence and movables, and his suite from the local jurisdiction, civil and criminal. His civil immunity may be waived only by his waiver at the time of his reception, or by his voluntary submission to the jurisdiction of the foreign courts with his sovereign's consent. The resi- dence of the envoy or minister is entitled to absolute immunity from the execution of com- pulsory jirocess and from all forcible intrusion. He cannot harbor criminals not of his suite, as was the common practice in the Middle Ages; but in barbarous countries and in the South American countries it is customary for asylum to be given to political refugees, although this custom de|icn<ls rather upon the sujicrior force of the nati(m represented by the minister than on any general policy of international law. The criminal immunity of a foreign diplomatic agent is suspended only in extreme cases, as when he is party to or aids in plotting or conspiracy against the Government to which he is accredited, in which case he compels its authorities to arrest liini in self-defense. In ordinary cases of viola- tion of the criminal law his rcc:ill is demanded. Consult Taylor, fnicrnational Public Law (Chi- cago, 1901), and the authorities noted under Initrn rioNAi, Law. INVISIBLE EMPIRE. See Ku-Klux Klan, The. INVOCATION OF SAINTS. See Saints. INVOICE (probably from Fr. enrofs, pi. of enrol, OF. cnroi/, conveyance, a sending, from enroger, OF. cnroyer, enroier, to send, from Lat. in, in + ria, way). A bill of parcels; a state- ment in detail of the nature, quantity, and price of certain articles. .Mthongh the term is used most frequently in connection with sales of goods, nn invoice often accompanies a bailment, as when it is sent to a consignee by a shipper of goods, who has retained title in them by the bill of lading (q.v.). In such cases its function is to
