HILL. 79 HILIXBRAND. forbade the attaching of the stamps by ma- thincry. But his great work was that of securing the adoption of penny postage. The franking privilege was widely used by members of Parlia- ment and high ollieials for themselves and their friends. The great body of the people, however, sent few letters, and postage on them had to sup- port the whole service. Rates depended upon distance, and as they were rarely prepaid, to receive a letter was often a hardship. Under this system, rates of postage were advancing and postal revenues diminishing. After making a careful study of the statistics, in 18.37 Hill pub- lished a pamphlet, I'ost-Officf: Reform, in which he recommended a penny rate for half-ounce letters, regardless of distance, inside the United Kingdom, and the use of adhesive stamps. His plan was adopted, and in 1840 he was given an appointment in the Treasur}% where, against great opposition, he was working out the system when he was dismissed by a change of Jlinistry. In 1846 a fund of £13,000 was raised by public subscription for him. The same year the Whigs again came into office, and he was made secretary to the Postmaster-General, and in 18.54 chief sec- retary. In 1864 he retired on full salary, and' received a Parliamentary grant of £20,000. He wrote a Histori/ of Penny Postage. This was published in 1880, with an introductory memoir by his nephew, Dr. G. Birkbeck Hill. HILL, Thom.s ( 1818-91 ) . An American edu- cator and I'nitarian clergjman, born in Xew Brunswick. X. -J., of English parentage. He was left an orphan when about ten years old, and in 1830 was apprenticed to a printer for a term of three years. He spent the year 1834-35 at the Lower Dublin Academy, near Philadelphia, where his eldest brother was principal, and then appren- ticed himself to an apothecary in Xew Bruns- wick. In 1839 he decided to go to college, and entered Harvard the following year, in the class of 1843. His preeminence in mathematics won him an offer of a high position at the Xa- tional Observatory in Washington : but he in- tended to go into the ministry, and. contrary to the advice of his professors, entered the divinity school, from which he graduated in 1845. For the next fourteen years he was pastor of the Unitarian Church in Waltham, Mass. In 1859 he succeeded Horace ilann as president of Anti- och College. Although the college was in such financial straits that he was obliged to supple- ment his salarv' by preaching in Cincinnati, 70 miles distant, he continued his services until elected president of Harvard in 1862. The elec- tive system and the academic council were insti- tuted during his administration, and the lec- tures of the university were at this time first opened to the public. Failing health compelled him to resign in 1868. In 1871 he was elected to the Legislature. In the same year he went to f*outh -America with Louis Agassiz. On his return he accepted a call to the First Parish Church in Portland, Maine. He was a man of unusual versatility, and gained distinction in many of the pursuits in which he interested him- self. He was one of the foremost natural scien- tists of the time, and an accomplished classical scholar, as well as a mathematician. He invent- ed several mathematical machines, among which his occultator is of the most importance, and made valuable contributions to the knowledge of eur-es in simplifying their expression and in dis- covering new forms. Besides publishing essays, text-books, and volumes of sermons, he edited Eberty's Starn and the Earth (1849), and wrote Chrislmas and Poenm on Hlavery ( 1843) ; Geome- try and Faith (1849) ; Curvature (1850) ; Jesus the Interpreter of Nature, and Other Sermons (1870); Statement of the Xatural Sources of Theology, with Discussion of Their Validity, and of Modern Skeptical Objections (1877); In the ll'oorfs and Elsewhere, verse (1888). HILL, TnoMAS (1829—). An American painter, born in Binningham, England. He came to America in 1841. He studied in Paris under Paul ileyerheim for several months, but beyond this instruction was self-taught. His first im- portant work was the "Yosemite Valley," which was published in chromo by Prang. His other pictures include: "White Mountain Xotch;" "The Home of the Eagle;" "Domier Lake;" and the "Grand Canon of the Sierras." HIL'LAH, or HEI/LA. The capital of a sanjak in the Vilayet of Bagdad, Asiatic Turkey,- situated on the Euphrates, not far from the ruins of Babylon, from which most of its building ma- terial has been taken (Map: Turkey in Asia, L 6). It is rather poorly built, but has a large number of mosques, and is a stopping-place for pilgrim caravans on the way to the holy cities of Jleshhed-AIi and Meshhed-Uussein. It has some manufactures of cotton goods and woolen mantles. The population is estimated at about 10.000. largely Arabs. HILrLABD, Geobge Stillman (1808-79). An American lawyer and author. He was bom in Machias, Maine; graduated at Harvard in 1828; studied law and acquired an extensive legal practice in Boston. He also served in the State Legislature, and from 1866 to 1870 was United States District Attorney for JIassachusetts. At earlier periods he collaborated with George Rip- ley in editing the Christian Register, a Uni- tarian paper, and with Charles Sumner in pub- lishing the Jurist. In 1856 he bought an interest in the Boston Courier, and was for some time associated in its editorial management. Among his numerous works are: Six Months in Italy (1853) ; Life and Campaigns of Georqe B. Mc- Clellan (1864) ; and. with Mrs. Tickn'or. a Life of George Ticknor (1873). He also edited The Poetical Works of Edmund Spenser (5 vols., 1830). HTLLEBBAND, hine-brant, Joseph (1788- 1871). A German philosopher and historian of literature, born at Grossdiingen, near Hildesheim. He was originally a Catholic, studied at Hildes- heim and at Gottingen, and in 1815 entered the priesthood and taught at Hildesheim, but re- signed his position on accepting Protestant views. I'pon Hegel's departure from HeidcUierg in 1818, he was appointed professor of philosophy there, and in 1822 took a like position at Giessen. He was President of the I^wer House of the Hessian Chamber in 1848. His most important work in the field of literary history- was Die deutsche yationallitteratur scit dem .Infang des IS.Jahr- hunderts (3d ed. 1875). Of less importance are his philosophical works, which show tendencies toward the views of Jacobi: Die Anthropolngie ah Wissen.'ichaft (1822-23); Lehrhuch dcr theo- retischen Philosophie und philosophisehcn Pro- piideutik (1826): Littcrarasthctik (1826); Vni-
