JACOBINS. A great mass of literature concerning the Jacobins appeared between the years 1790 and 1795, the most important contributions being the Journal lies Amis dc la Const Hut ion (Paris, 1790-93) and the Journal de la Monlaf/nr (Paris, 1794-95). There were also numerous pamphlets and poems published, such as La Jacobinadc, l.c secret des Jacobins, I.cs crimes des Jacobins, Of modern authorities, the best and most detailed is .Aiilard, La Socid-te des Jacobins (4 vols.. Paris, 188992). Consult also: Zinkeisen. Der Jaho- hinerklub (2 vols., Berlin, 1852.53). See Fb.wce; RoBE-JPiERRE: Danton ; together with the works cited imJcr these titles. JACOBITES (from Lat. Jacobus. .Tames). The name given to the adherents of the male line of the House of Stuart in Great Britain and Ireland after the Revolution of 1688. Many of the more devoted royalists followed .James II. into France ; but the greater part of the Jacob- ites remaining in their native land made a greater or less show of submission to the new Government, while secretly sup])orting the cause of th^ Pretender. Their intrigues and conspira- cies were incessant till the middle of the eigh- teenth century. Their hostility to the House of Hanover broke out in rebellions in 1715 and 1745. in consequence of which several of them lost their lives upon the scaffold, titles were attainted, and estates confiscated. After the overthrow of the Young Pretender at Culloden in 1746 their cause became so hopeless that it was not long be- fore their activity ceased altogether: those who still retained their attachment to the exiled fami- ly finally acquiesced in the order of things estab- lished by the Revolution. In Scotland the hopes and wishes of the .lacobite party were expressed in many spirited songs, which form an interest- ing part of the national literature. The Jac- obites of England were also called Tories. They were generally distinguished by warm attach- ment to the Church of England, as opposed to all dissent, if they were not members of the Catholic Church, and held very .strongly the doc- trine of non-resistance, or the duty of absolute submission to the King. The Jacobites of Scot- land were also generally Episcopalians and Ro- man Catholics. In Ireland the Jacobite cause was that also of the Celts as opposed to the Saxons, or the native race against the English colonists, and of the Roman Catholics against the Protestants. These diversities prevented a complete union, and greatly weakened the Jac- obites. Consult : Chambers. Flistorii of the Re- bellion in n.'io (Edinburgh. 1827) : Lacroix dc Maries. Bistoire du Chevalier de Saint-Georaes et du Prince Charles Edouard (1876) : the Cul- loden Paj^ers (Txindon. 1815) : Hogg. Jacobite Relics (Edinburgh. 1819) ; and Chambers. Jacob- ite ^temriirs (Edinburgh. 1824). JACOBITES. A name given to the Oriental sect of Monophysites (q.v. ), belonging more espe- cially to the ^lonophysites of Syria, Mesopota- mia, and Babylonia. It is derived from a Syrian monk called Jacobus Barada'us (Baradai. 'rag- ged'! . who formed the Jlonophysite recusants of his country into a single party. He was chosen Bishop of Edessa in 541, and for more than thirty years traveled through Asia Minor and the East, organizing chiirches and ordaining bishops, priests, and deacons. At present the .Jacobites number about 80,000. At their head is the so- 86 JACOBS. called Patriarch of Antioch. whose choice must be confirmed by the Sultan. Under him are eight metropolitans and three bishops. Of the former, one, the .Metropolitan of .Jerusalem, called the Maphrian, ranks higher than the others. Both patri:inb and maplirian live at the monastery of Zaphran, near Mardin. The .Jacobites have monks, but no nuns. Their Monophysitic views make them heretics to the Greek Church, but they have only minute ceremonial dilTerences from the latter. They often choose their patri- archs and l)ishops by lot. Since 1874 the Cliurch of England h.as carried on mission work among the .Jacobites. JACOB OF EDES'SA (c.633-708). An emi- nent theologian and Syriac writer. He was born near . lioch. In early life he entered the mo- nastic order and studied for a while in Alexan- dria. He was appointed Bishop of Edessa about 686, but resigned his ollice after four years, be- cau.se of the insubordination of some of his clergv'. He retired first to a monastery near Edessa, and then, after eleven years, to one near . tioch. He ajiplied himself to the study of the Syriac ver- sion of the Old Testament, making many anno- tations, some of which are extant. He had a thorough knowledge of Hebrew. Syriac. and Greek; and for his able translation of Syriac works into Greek he received the surname of 'Interpreter of the Books.' In 708 he was in- duced to resume his see. but died four months later. Consult Kayser. Die Kanoiirs Jakobs von Edessii iibrrselzt uiid erhiutert, with biographi- cal skotcli (T,c.i]izig, 1880). JACOB OF HUNGARY. See Pastorels. JACOB OF TODI. to'de. See Jacopone da Tow, JACOB OF VITRY, (-'ti(-' (c.1180-1240) . Bishop of Acre and Cardinal Bishop of Frascati. He was born probably at Vitry. Northern France. He studied in Paris, and was consecrated a priest there in 1210. For several years he lived at Oignies, a place in the present Belgian Province of Namur. attracted by the fame for piety and holiness of the Ueguine Maria of Oignies. .At Oignies he joined the Order of Saint .Augustine. .t the request of the Pope he preached against the .lbigenses. and afterwards lie preached a new crusade. His preaching was so successful that he was chosen Bishop of .Acre in 1214. and conse- crated in 1216 by Pope Honorius III. He fulfilled the duties of his bishopric with energj- and suc- cess, in particular buying Christian slaves from the Saracens and caring for Mohammedan chil- dren who had fallen into Christian hands. He re- signed his bishopric in 1225 and returned to Oignies. In 1227 Gregory IX. made him Cardinal Bishop of Frascati. He died in Rome, ilay 1, 1240. .Jacob was justly famed as a preacher in his own time, and in later times is remembered as an historian and authority for manners and social conditions of the early thirteenth century. His great work was the Bistoria Orientalis. also called Bistoria Bierosoli/mitana Abhreriata. He also wrote a life of Saint Maria of Oignies. His letters are interesting and valuable recitals of events of the Fifth Crusade, and his sermons have served as the model for many a preacher. JACOB OM'NIXIM:. The pen-name of the English essayist ^latthew .James Higgins (q.v.). JACOBS. yaHvAps. Christian FRrEDRicii Wir,- HELM (1764-1847). An eminent German classi-
