JAHN. 95 JAIL DELIVERY. in his task until he had gained the approbation of Frederick illiam 111. and his Minister Stein. Alter taking part in the War of Liberation, from lbil3 to 1815, he returned to what he had deter- mined to make his life work. Later Jahn came to be suspected as a demagogue by the reaction- ary Government, his gymnasium was closed, and he himself was tirst imprisoned and then forbid- den to live in any university town. He settled at Freiburg-an-der-Unstrut and continued to pub- lish work on his favorite subject. In 1848 he was a member of the National Assembly. Jahn may be reganled as one of the found- ers of German imity. The numerous Turn- rei'eins which sprang up as a result of his activity and remain to-day as a monument to his memory, as well as the Burschenschaft, which he was largely instrumental in creating, served to develop the feeling of nationality which spoke out so clearly in 18G(i and in 1871. He was eccen- tric and rather uncompromising in his opinions, hut at heart a true philosopher and an unselfish patriot. He wrote Runenblatter (1814); Xeiie lyunenbliitter (1828); Merke zum deutschen Yolkstiim (1833) ; and Die deutsche Turiikiutst (1816). JAHN, .JoH.XN (1750-1816). A distinguished Roman Catholic Orientalist and biblical critic. He was born at Tasswitz, ^loravia, .June 18, 1750, received his early education at Znaim and Olmijtz, and in 1772 entered the Premonstraten- sian convent of Bruck, where he took his vows in 1774, and was appointed professor of Oriental languages and biblical criticism. On the sup- pression of this convent, in 1784, Jahn was transferred to the same professorship in Olmiitz, and finally (1789) to the University of Vienna, where after 1803 he also held the chair of dog- matic theology'. So far as regards the modern Catholic literature of Germany, Jahn may be re- garded as the father of biblical criticism. But the boldness of some of his opinions aroused the alarm of the ecclesiastical authorities, and he was honorably removed from his chair in the university by being promoted to a canonry of Saint Stephen's at Vienna, in 1805. He con- tinued, however, to pursue the same studies till his death, in Vienna, August IG, 1816, and pub- lished many works in both departments, the most important of which, passing over his gram- mars, lexicons, and elementary books of the He- brew, Syriac, Aramaic, and Arabic languages, are his Einleitiing in die giittUcheii Schrifien des AUen liundes (2 vols., 1792; and again in 4 vols., 1802-03; Eng. trans, by Turner and Whit- tingham. New York. 1827) ; Biblische Archijo- lofjie (5 vols., 1797-1805; Eng. trans, by Up- liam, 3d ed., Andover, 1832) ; Enchiridion Her- meneutica' (1812) ; an appendix of dissertations to this work (1813-15) : and an edition of the Hebrew Bible (4 vols., 180G). Five years after his death a collection of Remains was published at Tubingen, the genuineness of which, although seemingly without reason, has been called in question. In 1822 his Introduction, Archwoloffij. Enchiridion, and Appendix Bermeneutica were put on the index. JAHN, Otto (I813-G9). A German philolo- gist and archieologist. He was bom at Kiel. June 10. 1813, and studied at Kiel, Leipzig, and Berlin. In 1837 he visited Paris, in 1838 Italy, and in 1839 became privat-docent in Kiel, but was in 1842 called to Greifswald, where he re- mained till 1847, when he became professor at Leipzig. His activity in the revolutionary move- ments of 1848-49 offended the Saxon Government, and in 1851 he was deprived of his chair at the University, but he remained at Leipzig until 1855, when he was appointed professor of classical philology and' areh^ologj^ and director of the Academic iluseum of Art at Bonn, Here he remained until in 1SG7 he was called to suc- ceed Eduard Gerhard at Berlin. But before he could enter upon his new duties his health gave way and he died in Gijttingen, September 9, 1869. Jahn was a many-sided scholar, and pro- duced valuable works in manj' fields. In classi- cal philology may be mentioned his editions of Persius (1843); Censorinus (1845); Juvenal (1851); Sophocles's Electra (1861; 3d ed. by A. Michaelis. 1882) ; Pausaniw Descriptio Arcis Athenariim (1860; 3d ed. by A. Michaelis, 1901) ; Plato's fiymposium (1864; 2d ed. by H. Usener, 187G) : and the Treatise on the Sublime, attrib- uted to Dionysius or Longinus (1867; 2(1 ed. by J. Vahlen, 1887). He published also a collection of essays on music, Gesammelte AufsUt::eiiber Mu- sik (1866), and a very important Life of Mozart (1856-59; 3d ed. by Deiters, 1889-91). But it was in the field of classical archicology that Jahn's influence was most strongly exerted as a teacher and writer. His writings are for the most part short articles, which appeared in periodicals, as university programmes, or in the proceedings of learned societies, especially in the Berichte dcr krjniglichsnchsischen Gescllschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipziij. Some were col- lected in Archiiologische Aufsdtze (1845) ; Archa- ologisclie Beitriifie (1847); and Aus der Altcr- tumsu'issensehaft (1868). Among his more im- portant works were: Die Fieoronische Cista (1852); Beschrcihunq der Xasensammlung Konifi Ludieigs (1854), with an epoch-making introduction on Greek vases; Vebcr den Aber- glauhen, dcs biiscn Blicks (1855) : Darstellungen des Handwerks und Handelverkehrs. three papers dealing with reliefs, vases, and paintings (1861, 1867. 18G8) ; Griechisehe Bilderchroniken, pub- lished after his death by A. ilichaelis (1873). Jahn's importance in the study of classical ar- chaeology is due to the stress he laid on exact and scientific method, and recognition of the limits of exact knowledge, in opposition to the sym- bolical school of interpretation, which had led to the wildest hypotheses, and of which the chief representatives were Panofka, Gerhard, and Braun. JAHNS, yans, Friedrich Wilhelm (1809- 88). A German composer and musical critic, born at Berlin. He was educated for the operatic stage, but became a teacher of vocal music and founder and head of a musical Verein. Of his compositions his songs are best known, but his most valuable work was his criticism of Weber, K. M. von Weber in seinen Werken (1871), which is the most authoritative of the biographies of Weber, and an appreciation. K. Jt. von Weber (1873). Jahns's splendid collection of Weberiana is now in the Berlin Royal Library. JAIL DELIVERY, CoMxri-ssioN of (OF. jaiole. geolc. Fr. ii<i~,le, from Lat. careola. di- minutive of cnren, cavity, cage, cave, from Lat. cavus. hollow. Gk. irfap, kiiar, hole, from kvhv, ki/ein, to swell, to contain). One of the four
