JAIPUR. 98 foumlcd in 1728, is inelosoil by a fortified wall pierced by seven gates, and lias paved streets 1 1 1 feet wide, laid out at right angles. The priii- eipal buildings are the Naliargarh, an almost ii.aecessible tort, doiniiiating the city on the northwest; the palace of the Maharaja with its beautiful pleasure gardens; the Ishwari Miliar, or 'minaret piercing heaven:' the splendid Mahara- jan ehattris or cenotaphs; the college, observa- tcry. Hall of the Winds, school of ;irt, and th« JIayo Hospital. Jaipur has municipal water- works supplied by a tributary stream of the Chunibul : is lighted by gas; and its fine public gardens contain a zoidogical section covering sev- enty acres. It is the seat of a British Kesidency, and is an important commercial and industrial centre with nourishing bazaars, and banking and trading estal>lishmeiits. Colored muslins and cloths and jewelrv constitute the chief manufac- tures. Foiiulation, in IS!)!, 1.58. nOll; in lilOl, loil..")00. ,mlicr. the ancient capital of Jaipur, live miles distant, has picturesque ruins of a fort, a palace, a niostpie, temples, and tombs. There are two colleges, the Maharajah and the Sanskrit College. JAK. A tropical tree closely related to the breadfruit-tree. Sec Jack-Tree. JAKIE, jfilii (South American name). A South American frog (I'seiidis pitradoxu) , of th(! family Cystignathichr. remarkable for the rela- tively great size of its tadpoles. It is entirely aquatic and richly colored with bright gieeii. bronze, and black above, and shining yellow below, but all these colors disappear in a dull brown hue immediately after death. The lengtli of the adult is only from 2 to 2 'A inches, yet its tadpoles reach a length of more than 10 inches, two-thirds of which consists of a thick, muscular tail. As the transformation proceeds it shrinks steadily, until, when ready to leave the water, the tadpole is hardlv more than an inch in length. JAKJOKERTA, jak'j4-k&r'ta. A city of Java. Sec Jok.iokahtjV. JAKITNS, jA-kwnz'. A mixed race, inhabit- ing the protected State of Johore at the extreme south of the Malay Peninsula. They are the olT- spring of the Malays with the more aboriginal Sakais of the interior. The .Takuns seem rather taller, lighter in color, and finer-featured than the Sakai. who are generally classed as Xegritos. Information concerning these people will be found in Stevens. "Anthropologisehc Bemerkungen liber die Eingebnrencn von Malacca. in tlio Zcitschrift fiir Ethtiolor/ie (Berlin) for 1897. JAKTJTSK, ya-kootsk'. Another spelling for the name of a territory and its capital in Si- beria. See under Yakitsk. JAL, zhal. At-orsTE (170.5-187.3). A French author, born at Lyons. He was educated at the naval school in Brest, and led a company of the cadets in the defense of Paris during the Hundred Days (1815). His first literary work was dono on Le Furetcur. he Miroir, and Ln Paixiorc. lib- eral journals. Afterwards he became well known as an art critic. In 1831 he received ofTicial charge of the marine archives and wrote in thi? connection a nautical glossary and L'lirrhcolo^iie nnriilr (la.'iOK The fruit of much of his labor is embodied in his great Dirlintnwirc critique de hioqrophie et d'hixfnire (1804). He also wrote a memoir, published posthumously. Souvenirs JALAP. d'un homme de Icttrcs (1877), and several other works (in art and ardueology. JALABERT, zh:Vlabar'. Charles Francois (181t»— ). A French painter, born at Xiines. He studied in Paris with Delarochc. :ind after- wards in Italy, and his painting, A'irgile lisant ses GOorgiques,' which apiieared in the Salon in 1847, is now in the Luxembourg. He was made an oHicer of the Legion of Honor in 1807. His excellent works include such pictures as "Les adieux de Komco et Juliette," and "Raphael tr;ivaillant it la Jladone de Saint-Sixte" (18.571 ; "Lne veuve" (1801); and "Marechal Canro- bert" ( 1872 ) . JALALABAD, ja-lii'la-b-id'. A town of Af- ghanistan. Sec Jki.ai.ahah. JALAL-UD-DIN RtJMI. jiiliil' i.id .len' rTT/- nie (1207-73). A Persian jiliilosophcr and poet, and the greatest of all tlie mystics iif the Orient. He was born at Balkh. in Khorassan, of noble and wealthy parents, and under the careful train- ing of his father, Baha ud-Din, a scholar of wide repute, early became a visionary an<l a mystic. He snb.se<iuently studied at Aleppo and" Da- mascus, and in 1231 succeeded liis father as the head of the college at Iccmium (Konieh), in Asia Minor. He came for three years un- der the inllucnce of a wandering dervish, Shams- ud-Dln of Tabriz, whose mysterious death in 1247 he commemorated by founding the Jlau- law Order of Dervishes, a Sufistic sect. For them he wrote the Mathtutin. a collection of tales and moral precepts containing 40.000 couplets, in six books, in imitation of similar poems liy Senayi and Farid-uil-Dln Attar. This didactic work, which surpasses its models, has been partly trans- lated into English by Redhotise (London, 1881) and Whinfield (London, 1887), and into German by Ro.sen (Leipzig, 1840). Another work, the Diirfin, a collection of lyrics of high poetic merit and great originality, has also been iireserved. and was published, with a translation and notes, by Rosenzweig (Vienna. 1838). Of all the Persian Sufis, Jalal-ud-Din is the most inijiortant. To him the Ego. the world, and the Divine are one (see Sifiism), and in his works for the first time in Persian mysticism we find the doc- trine of transmigration taught. Consult Ethf-, "Xeupersische Literatur," in Geiger and Kuhn, dniinlrinf! drr iranischen Philoloqie, vol. ii. (Strassburg. ISOfi). JALANDHAR, jnrnn dfr. or JXTLLUN- DER, A division of the Punjab (q.v.), British India, It comprises the districts of Kangra, Hoshiarpur, .Talandhar. Ludhiana, and Firozpur, and has an area of 10,410 square miles. Popula- tion, in 1801. 4.217,070; in 1901, 4..307.100. Capital, .ralaiidhar. JALANDHAR, or JULLUNDER. Tlie cap- ital of a district and division of the same name in the Punjab. British India (Map: India. C 2). It stands lx>tween the Sutlej and the Beas. 47 miles southeast of Amritsar. on the Sindh-Pim- jab and Delhi Railway. It is in a productive agricultural and sporting district, and anciently ■n-as a fortified place of importance, the capital of the Rajput Katoch Kingdom as early as the fourth century B.C. Its fine cantonment, inclos- ing the public gardens, covers 7'^> square miles. Population, in 1801, 00,202; in lOOl, 07.735. JAL'AP (Sp. jalapn). A well-known purga- tive medicine. It is the root of Ijioniaa Jalupa,
