JAMAICA. 101 JAMES. 309,.'53S. The effects of emancipation on the economic condition of the country were dis- astrous at first. The freedmen abandoned the plantations in large numbers and took possession of the unoccupied hinds in the interior. Labor to take their place could be obtained only with great ditficuUy, and bitter feelings of hostility between whites and blacks resulted. In October, 1805, the negroes at Port ilorant, in the eastern part of the island, rose in resistance to the process of the courts; martial law was declared by Goernor Eyre, and the insurrection w-as speedily put down, with excessive cruelty, as was maintained by the neorophiles, or with commend- able lirniness, as was asserted by a Government commission sent out to investigate the affair. As a result of the social conflicts the old parlia- mentary government of .Jamaica was abolished ill December, 1SG6. and the island was reduced to the grade of a Crown colony. Representative government was reestablished in 1884. Bibliography. Edwards, History of the West Indies (5th ed., London. 1819) ; Gosse, A Kat- ■xralist in Jamaica (ib., 1851) ; Sawkino, Geology of Jamaica (ib.. 18(59) : Gardner, History of Jamaica (ib., 1874) ; Philippi, Climate of Jamaica (ib., 1876) ; Eden, The Island of Jamaica (ib., 1880) ; Reclus, yotirelle geoqraphic tinirer- sflle, vol. x^-ii. (London, 1888)"; Cundall, liihlio- tlieca Jamaicetisis (Kingston, 1895) ; Porter, Fiscal and Economic Condition of the Island of Jamaica (Washington, 1899) : Livingstone, Black Jamaica: A Study in Evolution (London. 1890) ; Fiske. History of the West Indies (New York, 1S99) ; Hi]].' The Geology and Physical Geog- raphy of Jamaica (Cambridge. Mass., 1899) ; Cundall, Studies in Jamaica History (London, 19001: Handbook of Jamaica (London, an- nually). JAMAICA. The county-seat of Queens Coun- ty, X. Y.. now included in the Borough of (Queens. Xew York Citv (ilap: Greater New York. .JO. JAMAICA BULLACE-PLTJM. A West In- dian fruit. See !Melicocca. JAMAICA KINO. A West Indian fruit. See Sea.side Gr.pe. JAMALTESA, iiii'mal-ta'sa, or ESPINTO, fl-s]i("n'to. The locality of a group of ruins, situ- ated 20 miles north of Comayagua in Honduras. They' exhibit a series of mounds, whose summits are readied by flights of steps, above which ■ire remains of considerable ediflces. The largest of these mounds stands in the centre of a broad terrace, and the smaller ones are arranged at regular distances from it. Excavations in the surrounding country have brought to light many ancient vases and pieces of sculpture, which in- dicate, in the excellence of their workmanship, the existence of a high standard of art and marked ability. JAMBUDVIPA, jam'bi.i-dwe'pa (Skt.. Rose- apple irec island). In the Mahabharata. the first of the seven dvipas or continents into which the world is divided. It is surrounded by seven oceans, and contains the dwelling-place of the gods, the mount.".in of Meru. on which grows a great rose-apple tree, which gives the continent its name. Of the nine countries into which it is divided by mountain ranges, Bharata, or India, is the most important, and in poetry and Buddhistic works bears the name of the whole continent. JAMES ( Lat. Jacobus, Gk. 'Ukw^os, lakobos, Heb. Ya'akOb) . The name given certainly to three and probably to four men in the Xew Testa- ment. Two of them, .James, the son of Zebedee, and .James, the son of Alphaeus, were members of the Twelve. A third was a brother of the Lord. The fourth, according to Luke (Luke vi. 16; Acts i. 13), was father of one of the Twelve, Judas by name (not Iscariot). The translation of these passages in the Authorized 'ersion ('brother') is not warranted. (1) .James, the (Son of Zebedee, is named onlj- in the Synoptic Gospels and Acts, but is alluded to in the ap- pendix to .John ( xxi. 2 ) . He was a Galilean fisherman living in Capernaum, who, with his younger brother John, was called by Jesu=» (Mark i. 16 .sqq. ) to forsake his work and be- come a fisher of men, a call which elicited a ready response. .Jesus called both .lames and his brother Boanerges (JIark iii. 17) 'sons of thunder' (or noise, tumult), a characterization quite in keeping with the anecdotes related by Luke (ix. 54) and Mark (x. 35 sqq.). Accord- ing to legend, he preached in Spain, and after his death his body was carried thither and buried there ; during the inroads of the Sara- cens he appeared in shining armor and terri- fied the Moslem hosts. As Saint lago (San- tiago) he became the patron saint of Spain. (2) .James, the Sox of Alpii.ku.s, was so named by the Evangelists to distinguish him from James, the son of Zebedee. He holds the first place in the third group of four in all the lists of the Twelve. Beyond this fact we have no definite information, for his name is not certainly mentioned elsewhere in the Xew- Testament. It is not safe to infer from Mark ii. 14 that he was a brother of Levi (or Matthew), who is there called son of Alplueus ; the text is doubt- ful. Of many conjectures which have been made the most plausible is that which identifies him with .James the Less (Mark xv. 40) and the .James mentioned in Mark xvi. (Luke xxiv. 10: Matt, xxvii. 56). (3) -Tames, the Brother of THE IjORd. The facts which are explicitly stated c-oncerning him, or which may lie inferred from the statements made, are as follows: According to Paul ( I. Cor. XV, 7 ) , he saw tlie risen T>ord : was in .Jerusalem three j'ears after Paul's conversion (Gal. i. 19, where he is called the brother of the Lord to distinguish him from the son of Zebedee) ; was (with Peter and .Joiin) a leader in the Church at .Jerusalem when Paul, fourteen }-ears lati;r. went up thither (Gal. ii. 1-10. where he is called simply .James, for the son of Zebedee had already been put to death) ; was a married man (I. Cor. ix. 5). According to the Book of Acts, he was a believer (i. 14) ; a leading spirit in the Church at Jerusalem before (xii. 17). at (XV. 13), and after (.xxi. 18) the Apostolic Council. According to the Gospels, he was a brother of Jesus (Mark vi. 3) ; diil not believe in the Lord during His earthly life (.John vii. 5) ; agreed with the family of .Tesus in re- garding the Lord as demented, and came with them to take Him away (Mark iii. 21). Jo- sephus records his death at the instigation of the Sanhedrin (c. 62-3 A.D.). Tradition names liim the Just, and ascribes to him the homily, in the style of Wisdom literature, generally known as the Epistle of .James (q.v. ). Some
