JANS. 117 JANSENISM. husband, who had died in 1666. It is largely upon this omission that the subsequent suits have been based. Upon the recall of Governor Lovehice (q.v. ), the Government confiscated the Jans farm, and subsequently granted it to Trinity Church by a patent sealed on Xovember 23, 1705. In 1749 Cornelius Brower, a descendant of the Cor- nelius Bogardus whose heirs had not signed, took forcible possession of a portion of the farm, and on being evicted began an action against Trinity Church, which was decided against him. In 1757 he made another unsuccessful attempt. Another Cornelius Bogardus took possession of part of the estate in 1784. and held it until he was evicted by the courts in 1786. His son .John brought suit in 18.30 to se- cure one-thirtieth of the farm and a proportion- ate share of back rents. In order to secure the money necessary to carry on this suit, he sent circulars to all the descendants of Anneke Jans asking them to contribute, which they did most liberally until 1847, when judgment was again given for the church. Since then there have been several other suits brought by the heirs, but they have been uniformly decided in favor of the defendants. Consult: Nash, Atmeke Jans Bogar- dus: Her Farm, and How it iecame the Property of Trinity Church, Sew York (New York, 1896) ; Handford's Chancery Reports (vol. iv., pp. 633- 672) ; Schuyler's Colonial New York {vol. ii.) ; and Harper's Monthly Magazine for May, 1885. JANS, .I.NSEX Enkel. An Austrian histo- rian of the thirteenth century. He wrote a Welichronik, entirely worthless as history, but containing many anecdotes and tales, which give it a certain literary value (edited by Strauch in .][onumenta Germaniw Historica. vol. ii.. part i., 1891), and a Fiirstenbuch (edited by Ranch in Hcriptores Rerum Austriacarum, vol. i.. 1790). which, though equally unscientific, describes the reigns of the Austrian dukes Leopold VII. and Frederick the Quarrelsome with a good deal of picturesqueness and vigor. JANSEN, y-in'sen, Oi.At-.s (1714-78). A Swedish naturalist, bom at Christianstadt. He went to Germany for his education, and was ap- pointed professor at Tiibingen University. Thence he went to a similar position at Copenhagen, and in 1764 he was ordered by the Danish Government to make researches in South America, but his travels extended north to Central America and Florida. His published works include: Den fle.ist in den Naturvidenskahen og naturens almin- delige laere (1773) ; Neue Reisen durch Brasilien vnd Peru (1775) ; Neue Reisen dureh Louisiana vnd Nueva Espafia (1776); Anmnrkningar ons Historia Xaturalis och climated af Xye England og Xiie f^panien (1778). JANSENISM. The name applied to the doc- trines of a party in the Church of France which led to bitter controversies in the last half of the seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth century. It was a combination of three difTer- ent tendencies. On the more abstnise theological side, it derived from the doctrines of .Jansenius, Bishop of Ypres. on the question of grace, and took its name from him ; a second equally strong tendency carried the .Tansenists into opposition to the current practice in regard to the sacra- ments .Tnd the spiritiial life, as a consequence of the influence of the .Ahbo de SaintCvran: while a third characteristic was a spirit of oppo- sition to the Government which made them the legitimate heirs of the Fronde. The first two tendencies found determined opponents in the Jesuits, whose stand on the question of grace and whose practice in moral theology was at- tacked by them; and the third brought the lead- ers of the party into conflict with the absolute monarchy of Louis XIV. The Reformation, with its special doctrines as to original sin and justification, had tended to recall attention to the didicult questions of grace and man's free will. Since the famous contro- versy in the fifth century between Saint Augus- tine on one side and Pelagius and .lohu Cassian on the other, the doctrines of the latter, who exaggerated the part played by the human will (see Fbee Will) at the expense of divine grace, had taken their place in the list of heresies, while that of Saint Augustine had held the field. Adopted by Saint Thomas Aquinas and the Do- minicans in the thirteenth century, it was op- posed to some extent by the Franciscan Duns Scotus. and became a constant source of contro- versy between the two Orders. In the sixteenth century the discussion became more violent, es- pecially at the University of Louvain, where Michel de Bay, known as Baius. taught what pro- fessed to be the Augustinian doctrine, but was actually a violent exaggeration of it, not a little resembling that of Calvin. At the same time the L'niversity of Salamanca was agitated by cognate questions, and the theses of the Dominican Banez and the Jesuit Molina arrayed the Orders against each other. Clement VIII. established a special congregation called De Auxiliis Gratice, to consider these questions, but his successor, Paul v., finally, for the sake of peace, forbade the two parties to accuse each other of heresy, thus leaving the question, in a sense', open. The publication, in 1640. of the Augustinus of Jansenius (q.v.). added new vigor to the con- troversy. Its theories about the relation of grace to human nature, singularly close to Cal- vin's views, were immediately attacked by the Jesuits. By the bull In eminenti of 1642. Urban VIII. confirmed the prohibition of it by the In- quisition as contravening the decree of Paul V. and as renewing some of the condemned proposi- tions of Baius. But this did not put an end to its influence. .Jansenius's friend. Saint-Cyran, had succeeded in grouping around him at Port- Royal a community imbued with similar doc- trines; it was small in numbers, but strong in personal character. Besides Antoine Arnauld, who beeame the leader of the party on Saint- Cyran's death in 1643. and others of his family, it included the learned Lemaltre de Sacy. the moralist Xicole. the preacher Singlin. and Pascal. In 1643 Arnauld. in his book Dp la frequente communion, attacked the practice of the ■Jesuits in regard to the sacraments : and later, Pascal, in his celebrated Lettres a un prorincial (1656-57). with the most brilliant irony but with very little regard for the rules of fair controversy, made an onslaught on their moral theology. But the so- ciety pursued its end. It had a certain number of propositions from the Augustinus submitted to the theological faculty of Paris, and five of them were eventtially presented to the Holy See for judgment, by eicrhtv-eight bishops. By the btll Cum oecasionr of Mav 31, 1653. Innocent X. declared these five heretical. They were as fol- lows : ( 1 ) Certain commandments of God are
