JAVA. 153 JAVA. CoiiiiuNiCATiox. Java is well supplied with good roads. Railway construction began in 1875, and now railways extend across and from end to end of the island, the latest addition, com- pleted in 1901, being a short line from Surabaya to Banjoewangi, on the Strait of Bali. The total length of the railw.aAs in 1900 was 1100 miles, and of tramways 414 miles. CoiiMEKCE. In 1899 the total value of the im- ports of Java was 191,322,270 guilders (guilder = 40.2 cents) ; of the exports, 250.923,258 guil- ders. Tlie chief imports are piece goods, fertilizers, and coal from Wales, Australia, and Japan, iluch petroleum from Sumatra and tin from Banca are entered for reexport. The chief exports are sugar, coB'ee, tobacco, rice, cinchona bark (13.- 901,586 pounds in 1901), quinine (1,014,000 ounces), which goes mostly to the United States and London, tea (almost entirely to Holland), copra, indigo (1,411.310 pounds)^ kapok (most- ly to Australia), hides, timber, rubber, gutta- percha, cocoa, tapioca, and spices. There is con- siderable trade with Penang and Singapore. The customs receipts in 1901 amounted to 13.030,825 florins, or about .$5,429,000. The only legal coins ai>e those of Holland. Intercoub-se w^TH THE OuTER WoRLD. Inter- course with Java, and, indeed, with the Dutcii East Indies generally, is hedged about with many irksome restrictions and regulations. One may land at any of the ports, but cannot stay on shore for more than twenty-four hours without registering, giving name, age, religion, national- ity, place of birth, occupation, name of the ship on which one arrived, the captain's name, etc., and receiving a permit. If travel in the interior is desired, another permit is neces- sary; sureties have to be provided, the in- tended route indicated, fees have to be paid, and time is consumed, as every step is taken with true Dutch deliberateness. This pass is not good for more than six months. .Should one wish to enjoy sport, however, still another document is needed, entitling the holder to import his gun and ammunition, and more fees, chiefly stamp dues, are demanded. Should one wish to settle in the country, the conditions are still more fur- midable, the time consumed nuich greater, and the fees quite considerable. Two sureties, each in a large sum, are needed, and the strictest in- quiries are made, and should any inadvertence occur, or any slight discrepancy be found in the initials, the spelling of the name, or the like, it may vitiate the whole proceeding and lead to the rejection of the application: and lastly, when one wishes to leave the island still another per- mit is necessary, and it cannot he obtained in a hurry, as wide inquiries have to be made as to whether all one's debts have been paid, and the like. OovERN-MENT. '.Java and Madura.' with the surrounding islets included in the same adminis- tration, is divided into twenty-three residencies, under the control of a Governor-General, who has great executive and even a certain amount of legislative power. He is assisted by a council of five, whose fimctions are legislative and ad- visory. In each province there is also a resident, assisted by assistant residents and subordinate officers called controllers. Xevertheless the ad- ministration, so far as the .Javanese see it. is carried on through a network of native officials, to whom the foreign rulers are 'elder brothers.' There is daily conference between the Dutch and native chiefs, and in all matters between theui the Javanese language is used, Dutch not being allowed to be spoken. Each resident exercises judicial, financial, and administrative fimctions, dealing with civil and criminal cases. To each assistant resident there is an afdeeUng, or de- partment. The controller is really the link be- tween the naties and foreign officers. He makes a personal inspection of his district eveiy month, having supervision of everytliing — observing, ad- vising, and rejKjrting — but with little executive authority. Out of the ancient noble families a native regent is appointed, whose rank and right of precedence is superior even to that of all other European officers except the resident. He is the head of the native officials in his province, and receives a salary of 2000 to 3000 florins : but in one or two cases — e.g. the .Sultan of .Jokjo and the Regent of Bandong — the allowance is 84,000 florins. The residents number 23. the as- sistant residents 73, .controllers 100. and aspirant controllers 48. The residents and controllers are appointed only after a searching examination in the Javanese language, customs, and conditions. The Governor-General resides in Batavia, the capital. In the administration of justice there is a distinction made between Europeans and na- tives and Orientals. The former are subject to laws based on those of the Xetherlands. while in the regulation and trial of the .Javanese and those classed Mith them, their own traditions, customs, and law, under the direction of the na- tive chiefs, decide questions of equity and law. The High Court of .Justice is at Batavia. with lower courts in the five large cities, besides a number of circuit, district, and in some places priestly, courts. For the defense of the colony there is an army of about 42.000 (mostly n.i- tives) , with headquarters at Batavia, and a navy, with headquarters at Surabaya. Fix.xcE. The revenue is derived from land and the usual taxes, licenses, customs dues, the Government monopolies of salt, opium, and rail- ways ; but the largest item is from the sale of coffee grown under 'the culture system' and sold by the Government. In 1900 the revenue was 141,989.008 and the expenditure 147.766.255 guilders, showing a deficit of 5.777,247 guilders. Taxes in 1900 yielded 40.4. monopolies 21.7. prod- ucts 20.8, and other receipts 17.1 per cent, of revenue. PoprL.TiON. In 1800 .Java, according to a rude census, had 3.000.000. and in 1813. 6.000.- 000. The population of .Java and Madura at the end of 1896 was 26.125,053. Of these. 51.737 were Europeans. 261,080 Chinese, 17,045 Arabs, 3238 other non-indigenous Orientals, and 25,791.- 953 natives. Ethnology. The native inhabitants of .Java belong to the Malay race, the alleged Xegrito peoples of the interior having no real existence. The Javanese proper dwell in the central por- tions of the island and toward the east, the Sundanese in the west, and the Madurese in the east and on the adjacent islands of ^ladiira. Ba- vian, etc. In the mountains of Bantam, in the extreme west, live the Baduwis. and in the moun- tains of the extreme east the Tenggerese. both of whom are very primitive peoples of the sort sometimes styled 'Indonesian.' or 'proto-Malay.' who. in spite of the influence of their Islamic neighbors, have preserved much of their old
