JAVA. 155 JAVA SPARHOW. Dutch. The paramount native State at this time was ilataraui, and in the early Dutch i-ecords its princes are called emijerors. The gradual extension of Dutch rule was etl'ected in much the same manner as that of the conquest of India by the British. Their authority was extended over the Prtanger Residenc, in 1705, over the whole north- west coast in 1745, over Surakarta and Jokjo- karta by 1755, Bantam coming under their con- trol in "iSOS. The British held the island from 1811 to 1816, still further asserting and extend- ing European control, and introducing great re- forms in the administration under the vigorous government of Sir Stamford Raffles; but on re- gaining the island the Dutch pressed their claims with increased vigor. Their chief idea seemed to be to use Java simply as an appendage to tlie Netherlands, to secui'e revenue and pay off the debts of the "mother country,' but since 1870 the general policy has been to hold the colonies for at least mutual benefit, with increasing purpose to benefit the .Javanese in every wa' as far as possible. The three European names most closely associated with the development of .Java are Dacndels, Raffles, and Van den Bosch (q.v.). When in 1825 the native chief, Dipa Xegara, struggled to regain ascendency, a war broke out which lasted five years, and ended in undisputed control by the Dutch. Bibliography. Of the older works. Raffles, Uistorii of Java (2d ed., London, 1830), and Junghuhn, Java (trans., J^eipzig, 1852-54), are well worth consulting. Veth. Java, geographisch, ethnolopisch, hist07-iscli (2d ed.. Haarlem, 1895), is the best book on the general sidjject. Other valuable works are: Junghuhn, Topograph ische nnd iiaturaisf^enschaftliche Rcisrn diiich Java, ed. by Esenbeck (Magdeburg, 1845) ; id.. Land schaftsansichtrn ronJava (trans.. Leipzig, 1853) ; Job Miiller. Beschreibung der Iiisel Java (trans., Berlin. 1860) ; Money, Java, or How to Manage a Colony (London, 1801); Gronemann. In den Kedaton te Jogjakarter (Leyden, 1888), for a good account of Javanese theatres, dancing, etc. ; Van Deventer, Geschiedenis der Xed^rljjnders op Java (Haarlem. 1887) : Verbeek and Fennema, Description geologiqve de Java et Madonra (Am- sterdam. 18;'0) : Bastian, Indonesien, vol. v. (Ber- lin. 1894) ; Mayer. Een hlik in het Javaansche vollcsleven (Leyden. 1896) ; Scidmore. Java, the Garden of the East (New York, 1897) : Higginson, Java, the Pearl of the East (Boston, 1899) ; Breitenstein. "Java," in 21 Jahren in Indien (Leipzis, 1899-1900) ; Giesenhagen, Ans Java vnd Sumatra (J-^ipzig. 1902) ; for the flora, Blume, Florre .Javce (Brussels, 1858), and Van Nooten, Fleurs, fruits, et feuillages de Vile de Java (3d ed.. Brussels. 1882) ; for the natural history. Horsfield. Zoiilogieal Researches in Java and the Neighboring Islands (London, 1824), ami Wallace, The Malay Archipelago (London and New York, 1S09) ; for anthropology' and etlinology. Meyer, Die Kalangs atif Java (1877) ; ■ .Jacnbs.^bc H'adoejs (The Hague. 1891); Kohl- hrugwp, "JyAnthropologie des Tenggerois." in I.' Anthropologic (Paris) for 1898. Chailley-Bert. Java et srs habitants (Paris. 1900) : and for the ruins, Tissandier, Gamboge et Java, mines l-hmrres et jaranaises (Paris, 189(1). JAVA POWL. An old-fashioned breed of flnniostic fowls, white, black, or mottled, with a small, single, upright comb in botli cocks and hens. The shanks and toes are yellow and free Vol. XI.— u from feathers. The cocks weigh from 9 to 10 pounds, and the hens about 7^2 pounds. They are good, useful fowls, and easily kept. JAVAiraSE LANGUAGE. A language of tire Jlalayo-Polynesian group, which is the ver- nacular of Java. Largely through Indian in- iluence Javanese became the medium of an im- portant literature as early as the ninth century; A.D. In this ancient form Javanese was modified in its vocabulary to a large extent by Sanskrit, and it was accordingly termed Kavi (q.v.) as being preeminently the language of poetry. The direct derivative of Kavi is modern Javanese, which is divided into the courtly or Krama, and into the vernacular or Ngoko. These two dia- lects difl'er rather in vocabulary than in mor- phology'. A third dialect, called JIadhya or mid- dle, partakes of the characteristics of both the others, although more closely resembling on the wliole tlie Ngoko. Javanese literatui'e consists in great part of translations from the Kavi, and thus ultimately from the Sanskrit. Here belong such works as the Brata-yuda, the Arjuna-sahas- rabuhu, and the Arjuna-vivahana, all based on the ilahabharata (q.v.), as well as the Rama, derived from the Ramayana (q.v.). The Manik- Maya is important as a source of .Javanese cos- mogony and mythology, and the Babads, or prose chronicles, are of interest both linguistically and historically. Akin to the Babads are a number of historical romances, such as the Damar Wu- lan and the Raja Pirangon. In drama Javanese is rich in shadow-plays (ivayang). mainly based on old legends, and the beast-fable is highly developed. Consult: Roorda, Javaansche gram- malika (Amsterdam, 1855) ; id., Beknopte ja- vaansche grammatika (4th ed., ib., 1893) ; Fa- vre. Grammaire javanaise (Paris, 18C6) ; Bo- hatta, Praktische grummatik der javanischen »S'p<op7ic (Vienna, 1892) ; Roorda, .7orna)i.sc/i-Ye<?- erduitsch . Xederdu it sell- Ja vaanseli Woordfn boek (Amsterdam, 1834-35) ; Gericke, Roorda and Breede, Jnvaanseh-yederduitseh Woordenboek (2d ed., Amsterdam, 1883-80) ; Janz, Neder- landsdh-Tavaansch Woordenboek (Samarang, 1892) ; Hansen. De Javaansche talk: Praktisch Xederleindseh-Javaansch zak-troordenboek ( Am- sterdam. 1901). JAVARY, zhii'va-re'. A right tributary of the upper Amazon. It rises at the extreme north- west corner of Bolivia and flows northwest, north, and northeast, through the immense and unex- plored forests of La ilontana, joining the Amazon in longitude 70° W. (Map: ' Brazil, C 5). It forms the boundary line between Brazil and Peru, and is navigable for over 300 miles nearly to its source. Its source is by treaty made one of the marks for the demarcation of the boundary line between Brazil and Bolivia. JAVA SPARROW. A well-known cage-bird (Munia orgtivova) . known in the East as 'rice- bird,' 'paddy-bird,' and by other names. It is one of the weaver-birds (Ploceidoe), and has many Oriental and African congeners. This spe- cies seems to be indigenous to Java, but was long ago carried abroad, and has become natu- ralized and to some extent a pest, in various rice-growing parts of China, Slalaya. India, and Africa, where it is often very injurious to grain crops, after the manner of the bobolink. It is about five inches in length, plus a tail two inches long, of which the central feathers are longest. The beak is conical and swollen, and rosv in
