JEFFREY. 166 JEHOL. when he gladly retired to accept a judgeship in the Court of Sessions. During the latter years of his life Jeffrey resided at Craigcrook Castle, near Edinburgh, where he died January 26, 1850. He was twice married, his second wife being Charlotte Wilkes of Xew York. Consult Coek- burn. The Life of Lord Jeffrey (Edinburgh, 1S52; reissue, 1872) ; Carlylc, Ucminiseenecs, vol. ii. (London, 1881) ; and for literary estimate, Gates, Three Studies' in Literature (New York, 1899). JEFFREYS, jef'riz, George, Lord (1648- 89). An English judge, bom at Aeton, in Den- bighshire, Wales. Though the son of a squire of small means, Jeffreys obtained a fair education at Shrewsbury, at Saint Paul's, and at Westmin- ster under Dr. Busby; in 1002 he matriculated at Trinity College, Cambridge, which he left without .a degree to enter the Inner Temple, London. Admitted to the bar in 1668, with small legal learning, but with a powerful voice and bold address, he soon gained a large practice. About 1072 he deserted his popular constituency and began to cultivate the Court party. His ability, zeal, and unscrupulous conduct won him rapid advancement, and he became Chief .Justice of Chester in 1680, a baron in 1681, and Chief Jus- tice of England in 1683. He was foremost in the prosecutions of Archbishop Plunkct and Stephen CoUedge, and aided in destroying popular govern- ment in London, pushing on the tjiio narranto proceedings which dejjrived London of its charter, (harles II. , who despised him, consented to his appointment as Chief Justice, swore him as a Pri'y Councilor in 1683: and connived at and took advantage of his unscrupulousness. .Jeffreys was unfair in his rulings in the trial of Algernon Sidney. He condemned Sir Thomas Armstrong without a trial, and sent him to his death loaded with insults. He advised .James XL to collect the customs revenue and use it without a vote of Par- liament. His career seemed to culminate in 16S.5, when he browbeat Titus Gates at his trial. He was created Baron Jeffreys of Wem and was the virtual ruler of London and disburser of all legal patronage. In this year also he traveled the western circuit, his 'bloody Assize' condemn- ing hundreds to death, among them Alice, Lady Lisle ; he assigned over eight hundred persons to his favorites to be sold as slaves, and im- prisoned and maimed hundreds more ; yet James II. made him Lord Cliancellor and Keeper of the Great Seal. He joined with James (if, in- deed, he did not advise it) in the arrest and imprisonment of the seven bishops. Frightened at length, in 1688. he attempted to undo some of his autocratic deeds, but the movement came too late. His master James II. fled, and he disguised himself in the dress of a common sailor, but was recognized in spite of his dis- guise and taken to the Tower, where he died. In private conversation, after his fall, he alleged that he lost the favor of James because he would not be still more vindictive in his bloody circuit. Occasionally he did an act that indicated some recognition of the principles of human kindness. In criminal cases he has had perhaps no equal among judges for baseness. In civil cases, on the contrary, he is said to have been able and upright, and surpassed by few men in the clear- ness of some of his opinions. The most complete account of his life is found in Woolrych. Memoirs of the Life of Jndpe Jeffreys (London. 1827). Consult also : Burnet, History of His Oicn Times (London, 1838) ; Lord Campbell. Lices of the Lord Chancellors, vol. iv. (London, 1849-57); llcseoe. Lives of Eminent British Jjuteyers (Lon- don, 1830) ; JIaeaulay, History of Eiiytand, vols, i. and ii. (Boston, 1856); North, Life of Lord Keeper (luilford (London, 1820) ; Irving, Life of Judge Jeffries (London, 1898). JEFFRIES, John (1744-1819). An Ameri- can jiliysician, born in Boston. He graduated at Harvard in 1773, and afterwards traveled to Europe, and attended classes at the medical col- leges in London and Aberdeen. licturning to America, he practiced in Boston until the city was evacuated by the British, when lie acconi- pajiied the English troops to Halifax. He dis- tinguished himself as an army surgeon, and in 1779 was appointed surgeon-major of the British forces in America. He was greatly interested in scientific experiments, and more especially in the ccmstruction of balloons, with a view to atmos- pheric exiieriments, and accompanied Francois Blanehard in his balloon trip from Dover across the Channel, on which occasion the aeronauts landed in the midst of the forest of Guienne in France. In 1789 he returned to Boston, where he continued the practice of his profession until his death. A lecture delivered by him in 1789 is said to have been the first public lecture on anatomy given in New England. JEHTN-PRTTME, zha'ax' pn.im. Frantz (1839-99). A Belgian violinist, born at Spa. He began to study the violin when only four years old, and, after having been a pupil of Serais, Francois Prume. De Beriot. Leonard. Fi'tis. Vieux- temps, and Wieniawski, he made a concert tour in Russia, where he played with the Pvubinsteins, Jenny Lind, and Essipoff. From that time on he made tours of Europe and America, meeting everywhere with unqualified praise. His most famous tour in this countrv was the one (1869- 71) with Carlotta Patti and Theodor Bitter. His tone was wonderfully pure and his technique superb. He settled in Montreal. Canada, in 1887, and became a professor at the Trafalgar Insti- tute. He had numerous decorations and honors given him. was violinist to the King of Belgium, and the successor of Vieuxtemps as flic head of the so-called 'Belgian School.' His compositions for the violin are admirable. He died in Mont- real. JEHO'AHAZ (Heb. Yeh-0'aha. or To'ahaz, Yahweh holds fast). (1) King of Israel B.C. 815- 797. He succeeded his father, Jehu, and, in the eyes of the compiler of the Book of Kings, was a wicked and inefficient ruler. During his reign the power of Israel was brought very low by the Syrians (II. Kings xiii. 1-9). The 'saviour' mentioned in verse 5 has been thought by some to be Adad-Nirari III. of Assyria. (2) King of •Tudah B.C. 608. He succeeded his father, Josiah, and reigned three months. He was captured at Riblah on the Orontes, by Pharaoh Necho, sent to Egvpt. and died there (II. Kings xxiii. 31-34). fn .Tcremi.nh (xxii. 11) he is called Shallum. JEHO'ASH. See JoAsn. JEHOL, zh.'i'hftl (Chin. Je-ho. hot river). A large and important city of Inner Mongolia, situated in a finely wooded region north of the Great Wall, near the borders of Manchu- ria and 140 miles northeast of Peking, with which it is connected by a good road (Map: China,
