ISMAILIA, es'ma-e'lS-a. A village of Africa. See GoxDOKOBO.
ISMAILIA. A town in the Isthmus of Suez,
on the Suez Canal.
ISMAILIANS, es'ma-e'le-anz. See iloiiAM-
siEDAX Sects.
ISMAIL PASHA, es'ma-el' pa-sha' (1830-
95). Viceroy and Khedive of Egypt. He was
the second son of Ibrahim Pasha (q.v.), and was
born at Cairo. December 31, 1S30. He was edu-
cated in Paris, and on his return to Egj'pt was
despatched on diplomatic missions to several
European capitals. Subsequently he was ap-
pointed regent by his uncle. Said Pasha, during
his absence in Europe. In 1861 he was placed in
command of the army, and carried on a victorious campaign against the Sudanese tribes.
On the death of Said" Pasha in 1863 he succeeded
him as Viceroy of Egj'pt. During the Civil War
in America he acquired vast wealth by the pro-
duction of cotton. Regarding the construction of
the Suez Canal (begun under Said Pasha) as
advantageous for Egypt, he actively encouraged
the enterprise. In 1866 he secured from the
Sultan the hereditary succession to the throne
of Egypt in his direct line, and in 1867 had
conferred upon him the title of Khedive. Xot
satisfied with these privileges, he demanded
more, threatening to withdraw the troops he
had sent against the Cretan insurgents and to
seize Crete if his demands were refused. By
the advice of foreign powers, he recalled his
demand. Nevertheless, by extending his rule over
the regions of the Upper Nile, by making foreign
loans for the increase of his army and navy, and
by proposing the neutralization of the Suez Canal,
he made himself practically an independent sov-
ereign. The Sultan commanded him to reduce
his army, to recall his orders for ironclads and
breech-loaders, and to put a stop to the eon-
traction of foreign loans, threatening him with
deposition if he refused. Not receiving the ex-
pected aid from Russia and other powers. Ismail
submitted. Later he received new prerogatives,
giving him control of his army, and liberty to
make loans and commercial treaties. By the
building of public roads, the introduction of
new methods of agriculture, and other innova-
tions, he endeavored to improve the economic
condition of the country and to civilize the sur-
rounding tribes. But the progressive measures
of the Khedive were accompanied by a reckless
extravagance which involved the country to the
limit of its resources and made it dependent upon
the great financial powers. In 1879 the govern-
ments of France and England, in view of the
wretched econcniic condition of p]g^-pt and the
large interests of their own citizens in the admin-
istration, determined to interfere in behalf of
good government, and united in demanding of
the Porte that the Khedive should commit the
portfolios of finance and public works to English
and French ministers. The Khedive resented!, any
interference of the Western powers with Egyp-
tian aflTairs. The Sultan then offered to depose Is-
mail Pasha, and to appoint Halim Pasha, Ismail's
uncle, as his successor: but the powers advised
the Khedive to abdicate, promising to support
his son, Tewfik. The Sultan acquiesced in the
course recommended, and on June 26. 1879. he
signed the firman deposing the Khedive in favor
of his son. Prince Mohammed Tewfik. Ismail at
once complied with the demand, and his son was
proclaimed. Khedive, as Tewfik I. Ismail re-
ceived an annual allowance of £50,000 and left
Egypt for Naples. In 1888 he took up his resi-
dence in Constantinople, where he died Jlarch 2,
1895. See Egypt.
ISMENE, is-me'ne (Lat., from Gk. 'lafil/vri).
In Greek mythologj', the daughter of Qidipus and
Jocasta, and sister of Antigone (q.v.).
ISMID, is-med', or IZBUD, Iz-med'. The
modern name of Nicomedia (q.v.).
ISNARD, 6'nar', Ma.ximin (1758-1830). A
Fi-ench politician, born at Grasse. In 1791 he
was Deputy from Var to the National Assembly,
in which he distinguished himself by his bold-
ness and eloquence. He was reelected in 1792.
He joined the Girondists, and was arrested in
June, 1793, but escaped and concealed himself
until the fall of Eo.bespierre. He appeared again
in the Assembly, and afterwards was a member
of the Council of Five Hundred. From a violent
radical he developed into an advocate of the coro-
nation of Napoleon (see his Reflemotis relatives
(III senatus-consulte du 2S florecil. nn XT!.,
1804), and served the Restoration so faithfully
that he was pardoned for having voted for the
death of Louis XVI.
ISOBAROMETRIC (rs6-bar'6-met'rik) LINES (from Gk. imjs, isos, equal + Eng. baro- metric, from Gk. ^apos, baros, weight -|- fiirpuv, metron, measure), or Isobars. Lines joining the places at which the atmospheric pressure reduced to a common level is the same. Ordinarily the weather maps show the isobars for sea-level, and by recent decisions of the International
Meteorological Congress the barometric indica-
tions must also be corrected for the influence of
the variations of gravity so that atmospheric
pressures may all be expressed in uniform abso-
lute measures. Formerly m-eteorologists avoided
the troubles and uncertainties of the reduction to
sea-level by using the departures of individual
barometric readings from the normal reading of
Ihat instrument. These isabnormal lines were
then plausibly converted into isobarometric lines
by assuming that the normal pressure at sea-
level was everywhere the same, namely, 760 mil-
limeters, or 30 inches, and adding the departures
from the normal algebraically to this assumed
normal. The resulting pressures were a.ssumed
to represent closely the result that would have
been given by reduction to sea-level. In 1857
Ferrel showed that the normal barometric pres-
sure at sea-level could not possibly be uniform,
but must be lower in the polar and higher in the
tropical regions. In 1868 Buchan showed that
the pressures are higher over the continents in
the winter and over the oceans in the summer.
Since these dates the importance of correct iso-
bars based upon a correct method of reduction to
sea-level has been more and more thoroughly
appreciated.
The terra 'isobarometric' was applied by Kaemtz, about 1830, to lines representing the oscillations of the barometer or its range from maximum to minimum during any month or year, but this usage is now obsolete. These oscillations are greatest in regions subject to the passage of severe and numerous storms. They are greater in the northern portion of the Atlantic Ocean than in the southern portion or in corresponding latitudes on land.
