JETTY. 201 JEWELL. converging jetties about 35,000 feet and two 25,- 000 (eet long, respectively. European .Jetty Work. Jetty construction has been successfully employed in Europe at the mouths of the Danube, Vistula, Oder. Neva, and other rivers. These works have in each case re- sulted in material improvements in the depths of the channel. In general design and construction they differ only in special details from similar work in America under corresponding conditions. See Harbor; Breakwater. JEtr DE PATJME, zhe de pom (Fr., tennis). Hall of the. A famous building in Versailles, in which the members of the Third Estate in June, 1780. met after finding the assembly room closed against them. The hall contains a great painting by Pavid depicting the taking of the celebrated oath of the Tennis Court. JEUNESSE DO BEE, zhe'nes' do'ra'. La (Fr., gilded youth) . A name given to a political party in Paris during the French Revolution. It con- sisted of young men who, under the leadership of Freron. endeavored to bring about a counter- revolution after the fall of Robespierre. The party was also nicknamed the Muscadins (scented daiiings), and Fetits Maitres (ele- gants). The term and its English equivalent, 'gilded youths,' is commonly applied at present to the idle rich young men about town that are found in evei-^- great city. See Ixcroyables, JEV'ONS, William St.^nley (18.35-82). An English economist, bom in Liverpool. He was a grandson of William Roscoe, the eminent his- torian, ediicated at University College, London, and made a fellow of his college in 18G2. He held a position in the Sydney (Australia I mint. 1854- 59. In 1866 he received the appointment of profes- sor of logic and mental and moral philosophy, and Cobden lecturer in political economy in Owens's College, Manchester: in 1872 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1876 received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of Edinburgh. During the latter year he was ap- pointed professor of political economy in Uni- versity College, London. Failing health caused him to relinquish his Manchester professorship in 1881. In the following year he was drowned while bathing at Bexhill. Sussex. Few writers of recent years have had a wider influence. His Treatise on Logic" substitutes for the familiar conceptions a mathematical foundation of the KvUogism. which has been widely adopted by later writers. Among theoretical economists he is most widely known by his Theory of Political Economy, which develops the theory- of marginal utility which has occupied a conspicuous place in writings of later theorists. His ability was many - sided, and he is best known to general readers by his Iiu^rMirjntio'ns iu Currency and Finance, his Money and the Mechaniam of Ex- change, and especially by his work on the Coal Question, which at the time of its publication (1865) set all England in a ferment. The thesis of the work was the dependence of England upon coal, the approaching exhaustion of its de- posits, and the gradual decline of English pre- eminence in the industrial world. .Tevons's con- tributions to practical qiiestions in the scientific journals were very numerous, and his name is identified with the literature of crises, railroads, prices, and statistics in addition to the topics already indicated. JEWEL. See Gems. JEWEL, John ( 1522-71 ) . A prominent Eng- lish churchman of the time of Elizabeth. He was bom in the Parish of Berimber or Berrynarbor, Devonshire, May 24, 1522. While a student at Oxford, he was led to favor reformed doctrines, and for openly inculcating them he was deprived of a fellowship at Corpus Christi on Mary's ac- cession in 1553. Later he was induced to sign adherence to a form of doctrine essentially Ro- man Catholic, but he repented of his act, and in l.'joo fled to Frankfort, where he abjured his re- cantation. He lived at Strassburg and Zurich until Elizabeth's accession, when he returned to England (1559), was one of eight Protestant divines appointed l)y the Queen to dispute with a similar niuuber of Roman Catholics, and in 1560 was made Bishop of Salisbury. In 1562 he pub- lished his work in defense of the English Church, Apologia EceUsice Anylicance, which was con- demned by the Council of Trent. It was trans- lated into English the same year, and by Eliza- beth's order a copy was placed in every parish church. Thomas Harding published An Ansiver to Doctor JeiceVs Challenge (1564), to which .Jewel replied (1565); then Harding published a Confutation of an Apology (1565). and was answered by .Jewel in a Defense of the Apology (1567). He died at Monkton Farleigh, Septem- ber 23, 1571. His complete works were issued with memoir, by Featley (London, 1609) ; by Ayre with memoir, for the Parker Society (4 vols., Cambridge, 1845-50) ; and by .Jelf (8 vols., Oxford. 1848). Consult his biography by Le Bas (London. 1835). JEWELL, M.'VRSirALL (1825-83). An Ameri- can politician, born in Winchester, N. H. After receiving a common school education, he learned the tanning business in a belting manufactory established by his father at Hartford, Conn., learned telegraphy, and after several years as a telegraph operator in the South and West, he re- turned to Hartford in 1850 and became a mem- ber of his father's firm. He accumulated a large fortune, became interested in numerous business enterprises and in Republican State politics, and after being the unsticcessful candidate for Gov- ernor in 1868. was elected in 1869. Defeated for reelection in 1870, he was again successful in 1871. In 1873 he was sent by President Grant as Minister to Russia, whence he was recalled in the following year to take the portfolio of Post- master-General in Grant's Cabinet. In this capacity he served until .July, 1876. when he resigned in consequence of a disagreement with Ihe President over the action of Secretary Benja- min H. Bristow (q.v. ) in connection with the 'Whisky Ring' frauds. In 1880 he opposed Grant's renomination. and as Chairman of the Republican Xational Committee, conducted the Garfield campaign. JEWELL, Theooore FRELiNcnuYSEN (1844 — ). An American naval oflicer. bom at George- town. D. C. He araduated at the Naval Academy in 1864 : served in defenses of Washington in the summer of 1863. .Jewell commanded at the Xaval Torpedo Station (1890-93): w^as su- perintendent at the naval gun facte.ry up to 1896, and commanded the if inneapolis in the war with Spain, and the Brooklyn in the Philippine Isl- ands. In 1898 he was promoted to the rank of captain.
