JEWS. 223 JEWSBUBY. Jost, Geiger, and Cassel. Useful compends are Keinach, Histoire des Israelites, with tables and bibliograpliy (2d ed., Paris, 1902), and Lady Magnus, Outlines of Jeicish History (Philadel- phia, 1S90). The best sketches are by James Darmesteter, Coup d'oeil sur I'histoire du pcuple luif (Paris, 1881; Eng. trans, in Selected Essays of James Darmesteter, Boston, 1895), and Dub- now. Die jiidisehe Geschichte (Berlin, 1898). Consult also the Hebrew archfeologies of No- wack and Benzinger; Stanley, Lectures on the History of the Jeicish Church (Xew York, 1804-76) : Goldziher. Der ilythos hei den He- briiern (Leipzig, 1876) ; Homniel, Die Hemiten mid ihre Bedeutung fiir Kulturyeschichte (Leip- zig, 1881); id.. Die vorsemitischen Kulture^i in Aegypten und Babylonien (Leipzig, 1882) ; Kenan, Le judaisme comme race et comme reli- gion (Paris. 1883) : Schiirer, History of the Jew- i.<.h People in the Time of Jesus Christ (trans., Xew York, 1885-91) : Montefiore, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Hebrews (Hibbert Lectures, London, 1893) ; Leroy-Beaulieu. Israel chez les nations (2d ed., Paris. 1893: trans.. Xew York, 1895): Edersheini, History of the Jewish Xation (London. 1896) : Barton. A Sketch of Semific Origins (Xew York. 1902). For special periods and places the works are exceedingly nu- merous. Tlie following may be mentioned: De- renbourg. Essai sur I'histoire et la geographic de Ut Palestine (Paris, 1867) ; Bedarride, Les Juifs en France, en Italic et en Espagne (3d ed.. Paris, 1867) ; Lindo, History of the Jews of Spain ami Portugal (London, 1848) ; Gildemann, Geschichte des Er::iehungswescns und der Cultur der abend- liindischen Juden (Vienna. 5 vols., 1873-91); Wertheimer. Geschichte der Juden in Oesterreich (Leipzig, 1842); Goldschniidt, Geschichte der Juden in England (part i.. Berlin. 1886) ; Sche- rer, Beit rage zur Geschichte des Judenrechtes im Mittelalter, vol. i. (Leipzig. 1901). For the United States the publications of the American Jewish Historical Society may be consulted, and for Germany those of the Gescllschaft fiir die Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland. Anti- Semitism has produced a voluminous literature. A bibliography to 1885 will be found in Jacobs, The Jewish Question (London. 1885) ; the Mit- teihingen aus dem Verein :ur Abirehr des Anti- scmitismus (weekly, Berlin. 1891 sqq.) is a contemporary history of the movement. Consult, for the anti- Jewish side: Rohling, Der Talmud- jude (Jliinster, 1871); Von Hartmann, Das Judentum in Gcgenwart und Zukunft (Leipzig, 1885; Von Treitschke. Ein Wort iiher unser Judentum (Berlin. 1880) : Stficker, Das mo- derne Judentum (Berlin. 1880) : Drumont, La trance juire (Paris. 1886) : Burton. The Jew, the Gypsy, and el-Islam (Xew York. 1898). In defense of the Jews: Leroy-Beaulieu, Les doc- trines de haine (Paris, 1902) ; ilommsen. Auch ein Wort iiber unser Judentum (Berlin. 1880); Franz Delitzsch, Sehachmatt den Blutliignern Rohling und Justus (Erlangen, 1883) : Lazan, Contre rantisemifisme (Paris, 1896). For Jew- ish literature, consult: Steinschneider. Jeirish Literature (London, 1857) : Zunz. Die syna- gogale Poesie des Mittelalters (Berlin, 1855-59), which combines with the treatment of the poetry a history of the cruelties of the Middle Ages ; the other writings of Zunz are also of much value; Karpeles, Geschichte der jiidischen Littera- tur (Berlin, 1886) ; id., Jewish Literature and Other Essays (Philadelphia, 1895) ; Deutsch, The Talmud (Philadelphia. 1895) ; Arsene Darme- steter, The Talmud (Philadelphia, 1897); Abra- hams, Chapters on Jeicish Literature (Philadel- phia, 1899); Lazarus, The Ethics of Judaism, English translation by Henriette Szold (Phila- delphia, 1900). The A'merican Jewish Tear Book, edited by Cj-rus Adier ( Pliiladelphia, 1899 sqq.), gives much valuable information, and the great Jewish Encyclopedia (vols, i.-iii., Xew York, 1901-02) is a monumental work. JEWS, E.XCHEQUEB OF THE. In early English historj-, the Jews did not form an integral part of the body politic, but constituted a special sta- tus, dependent directly upon the Cro^vn, and sub- ject to any restrictions and exactions the King might impose upon them. In 1194 proctors or judges were appointed to deal with cases in which Jews were concerned. In the thirteenth century these officials presided over the exchequer cham- ber set apart for Jewish revenue and accounts, and were sometimes known as 'justiciars deputed to the charge of the Jews,' sometimes as 'justi- ciars of the exchequer of the .Jewry.' In their ju- dicial capacity these officials tried offenses in which non-Jews would have had to appear before the King's ordinary justices: they also decided civil suits between Jews, or between Jews on the one hand and Christians on the other. As fiscal officials, they presided over the Exchequer Cham- ber of the .Jews, and saw that all claims which the King had against Jews, or arising out of transactions in which Jews were involved, were presented and enforced. They provided the sheriif of each county with lists of the sums which lie was expected to collect from the Jews; they kept records of royal claims on the Jews and their debtors, and administered property that came into the King's hands on account of the Jews. In the first instance the Jewish revenue was paid into the great exchequer, whence it was transferred to the exchequer of the Jews, to be kept until the King needed it. The institution disappeared with the expulsion of the Jews under Edward I. JEWS'BTJIIY, Gebaldixe Exdsok (1812-80). An English novelist. She was born at Jleasham, Derbyshire, and was the daughter of a Manches- ter merchant. She was left motherless at an early age. and was educated by her sister Maria Jane (afterwards Mrs. Fletcher), a popular au- thor. An early acquaintance with Thomas Car- lyle and his wife, and other literary and artisti.^ celebrities helped to develop her powers, and her first novel, Zoe. the History of Two Lives ( 1845), was the forerunner of a succession of works, which include The Half Sisters (1848); Marian Withers (1851); The History of an Adopted Child (18.52) ; Angela, or the Pine Forest in the Alps (1855): Constance Herbert (1855); The Sorrows of Gentility (1850); and Right or Wrong (1859). JEWSBUBY, ilARiA .LXE (1800-33). An English poet and prose writer, bom at Measham, Derbyshire. At the age of eighteen she began to write poetry for the newspapers of ilanchester, where she lived. Her first prose work. Phantas- magoria, or Sketches of Life and Character, was published in Leeds (1824). It was followed by Letters to the Youna (1828); Lays of Leisure Hours (1829) ; The Three Histories:— of an En-
