JOHN DORY. 252 JOHN GEORGE III. are very small, but it is nriiied with strong fin- spines, and has a row of large, spinous stales along the base of the dorsal tin and in front of the jwctorals. The color is usually a pale olive THE JOBS DOKY. brown, with a large circular spot nearly black on the middle of the side. Various legends ac- count for this 8pot. One declares this to be the fish which Saint Peter caught in the Lake of Gennesaret and marked with his thumb and finger while taking the tribute money from its mouth: another that the mark was similarly made by Saint Christopher, who seized one of these fishes while carrying Jesus through an arm of the sea. Its flesh is highly esteemed in Europe. Several related species occur in the deeper tropical seas, and all constitute a group of very uncertain affinities. JOHN FREDERICK, The JUgnaximous (1503-54 1. Eleetur of .Saxony from 1532 to 1547. He was the son of the Elector John the Constant, and was bom at Torgau, June 30. 1503. In 1532 he succeeded his father in the Government con- jointly with his brother Ernest, with whom, how- ever, he concluded a partition settlement in 1542, ceding to him the Principality of C'oburg. He was from the first an ardent champion of the Reformed faith. With Philip of Hesse he became one of the leaders of the Schmalkaldic League (q.v. ), and as such was placed by Charles V. under the ban of the Empire in 1546. He success- fully defended his territories against an inva- sion by his cousin, Maurice of Saxony, in the same year: but on April 24, 1547. the army of the Schmalkaldic League was defeated at Miihl- bcrg, and .John Frederick fell into the hands of the Emperor. Sentence of death was pronounced on the prisoner, and he was compelled to cede his possessions, together with the electoral title, to Maurice. For five years .John Frederick re- mained in captivity, until, together with Philip of Hesse, he was liberated by the sudden uprising of Maurice against Charles V. The death of his brother Ernest in the same year (1552) placed him in possession of Cnburg. He died in 1554. JOHN FREDERICK II. ( 152n-n5 ) . Duke of Saxony, eldest son of .Tohn Frederick I. After his father's downf.ill, in 1547. he undertook, in conjunction with his brother .John William, and in the name of their younger brother. .John Fred- erick III., the administration of what remained of the territories of the Ernestine line. Soon after, in accordance with his father's wish, he founded the University of Jena. Upon the death of .John lre<lerick 111., in 15115, the two brollicrs divided their dominions, .lohu Frederick taking Weimar and Gotlia, and Jolm William Coburg. in loliO, l)ccause of the i)rotection which he had afforded the outlaw Wilhclm V(m Gnnnbach, he was himself outlawed by the Emi)eror, was cap- tured in 15U7, and was imprisoned until his death. His wife, Elizabeth of the Palatinate, followed him into his exile. Consult Deck, Johann Friedrich dcr Milllere (Weimar, 1858). JOHN GEORGE I. ( 1585-1G.5G) . Elector of Saximy, from 1011 to 1G5U. He was born March 5, 1585: married ilagdalcnc Sibylle. daugliler of Duke Albert Frederick of Prussia, in 1G07; and succeeded his brother. Christian II., as Elector of Saxony, June 23, Kill. The attitude of Sax- ony, as one of the most powerful of the Protes- tant States of Germany, was of great importance in the Thirty Years' War: but the course of John George was vacillating, and when he was giving nominal support to one side he was gen- erally negotiating with the other. When Gus- tavus Adolpluis entered Germany, John George refused him passage across Saxony, and thus prevented the relief of Magdeburg, which was taken by Tilly, whose infuriated troops put most of the inhabitants to flu- sword. A little later, when Saxony was about to sutler from tlie ad- vance of the Imperialists, .John George concluded a hasty alliance with Sweden, and his troops were on the field of Leipzig or Breitenfeld ( Sep- tember, 1031), but fled early in the day. The Elector sought continually to bring about a peace advantageous to Saxony. In 1032, when Gus- tavus was in Bavaria, he sought to detach Eran- dcnliurg from the Swedish cause, and in 1035 he concluded the Peace of Prague with the Emperor, yielding practically all that the German Prot- estants had fought for, and agreeing to endeavor to secure the general acceptance of the terms. His reward was the hereditary possession of Lusatia. Only Brandenburg and some of the minor States acceded. In 1030 the Saxons were defeated by Baner at Wittstock, and in 1045 the Elector was obliged to conclude an armistice with .Sweden. By the Peace of Westphalia he was confirmed in the possession of Lusatia and the bishoprics of Meissen, Merseburg, and Xaumburg. John George died October 8, 1056. How much of his changeable and treacherous policy was due to himself, and how much to the intrigues of his most trusted counselor. Von Arnim. it is difficult to determine. His will es- tablished three ruling Saxon lines for his sons, in addition to electoral Saxony — .Saxe-Weisenfels, Saxe-Merseburg, and Saxe-Zeitz. See Arnim; GrsTAvi s ADOLPnr.s : S.xoxt ; Thirty Ye.rs' War. JOHN GEORGE II. (1013-80). Elector of Saxony from 1050 to 1080. He was the son of .John George I., and was born in 1013. Subsidies received from France in the early years nf his reign enabled him to gratify his tastes, and to make Dresden one of the most beautiful cities and art centres of Europe. JOHN GEORGE III. (1647-91). Elector of Saxony, from 1080 to 1001, only son and suc- cessor of .Tohn George II. He took a promi- nent part in the war between the Empire and
