JOHNSON. 264 JOHNSTON. them being Dr. Samuel Jolinson, with whom he corresponded. His letters to the Governors of Conneitioiit during this ])eriod giving his view upon the colonial situation are printed in the Mussiichusctts Hisloriail Colhction, 5th scries, vol. ix. Consult Bcardsley, Life of William Ifiamucl Johnson (Boston, 1876). JOHNSON CITY. A city in Washington County, Tenn., 100 miles east by north of Knox- ville; on the Southern and other railroads (Map: Tennessee, J 4). It is known as a summer re- sort, having an elevated site and picturesque mountain scenery. The mountain branch of the X'nited States Soldiers' Home is located here. The city is also a manufacturing centre, with wood - working estalilishmonts, an iron - furnace, rolling-mills, a foumlrv and machine-shops, a tannery, and several brick ])lants. Settled about thirty years ago, Johnson City was incorporated some five years later, and is now governed under a charter of ISO", which provides for a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council. Population, in ISllO, 41C1; in inOO, 4045. JOHNSON GRASS. A fodder grass of the Soutlicrn United States. See Andbopogon. JOHN'STON, Alukkt Sidney (1803-02). An American soldier, prominent on the Confederate side in the Civil War. He wa-s born at Wash- ington, Ky., February 3, 1803; graduated at West Point in 1826, and was assigned to the Second United States Infantry. He fought in the Black Hawk War, but resigned from the army, April 24, IS34, and emigrated to Texas. In 1836 he joined in the struggle for Texan inde- pendence, enlisting as a trooper, but was soon made adjutant-general and then commander of the Texan Army. In 1838 he was appointed Secretary of War of the young Republic, and displayed political wisdom and military ability in dealing with Jlexican and Indian encroach- ments. He resigned his office earlj' in 1840 and became a planter. Wlien the Mexican War broke out, he became colonel of the First Regiment of Foot Rillemen of Texas, six months' volunteers, and was pres- ent at the siege of ^Monterey as inspector-general on the staff of Gen. W. O. Butler. After some years of retirement, he was appointed paymaster, in 1849, and colonel of the Second (since Fifth) United States Cavalry, in 1855. In 1857, the Mormons having defied the United States author- ity, a militaiy expedition was sent against them. At a late period in the funimer the ilormons began actual hostilities against the Government, destroying its supply train and threatening its troops. In an emergency, the command was transferred to Colonel Johnston, whose march to Utah was conducted with rare judgment and courage. "His command" (two regiments of regular infantry and one of cavalry) "and their subsistence, clothing, and means of erecting shelter were stretched over nearly 1000 miles of almost desert road between Fort Kearney and Salt Lake. So late in the season had the troops started on their march that fears were enter- tained that if they succeeded in reaching their destination, it would be only by abandoninp; the greater part of their supplies and endanger- ing the lives of many men amid the snows of the Rocky Mountains." ( Fitz .Tohn Porter.) .Johnston converted an impending calamity into a solution without bloodshed of a serious military and po- litical problem. For these services he was brevet- ted brigadier-general, remaining in command in Utah until Februarv 2!). 1860. At the outbreak of tlic Civil War (icneral Johnston was in com- mand of the Department of the Pacific, with ?iead(|uarters at San Francisco, but April 10, 1861, he resigned his commission, and, proceeding to Richmond, entered the service of tiie Con- federacy, being ai)i)ointed general and placed in command of the Confederate forces in the West. He held the line of Bowling (ireen. Ky., from September, 1861, to February-, 1862, " against greatly superior forces. On the fall of Forts Henry and Donelson (q.v.) in February, he ef- fected his retreat through middle Tennessee to Corinth, Miss., where he assembled the entire force under his command cast of the Jlississippi. Advancing with his army, 40.000 strong, he at- tacked Grant's army at Shiloh Church unex- pectedly on April 6, 1802, and drove him to the cover of his gmdjoats at Pittsburg Landing, cap- turing more than 3000 prisoners. At this critical point General .Johnston was killed while leading a charge, and a hdl ensued in the battle. A few hours later General Beauregard, who succeeded to the command, willidrcw the Confederate troiij)s from their advanced ]]osition, and Generals Buell and Lew Wallace coming up with reenforcements for Grant during the night, the battle was re- newed the next day and Beauregard was forced to fall back to Corinth. General Johnston was regarded by prominent ollicers of both armies as one of the most aggressive and brilliant of the Confederate leaders, anil at the time of his death as unsurpa.ssed in handling large bodies of men in action. Consult the exiiaustive biography, Life of Albert Sidnci/ Johnston (New York, 1878), by his son, W. P. .Johnston. JOHN'STON, Alexander (1840-89). A po- litical and constitutional historian, born in Brooklyn. X. Y., April 29, 1849: died at Prince- ton, N. J., .July 21, IhSO; professor of political economy at Princeton (1883-89). He wrote a very useful an.I popular flistory of American PolHics (1879); Genesis of a Xeic England State: Connecticut (1884) : History of the Unit- ed folates for Schools (1880); History of Con- necticut (1887); and edited Representative American Orations (1885). His article on the history of the I'nited States in the Encyclojxrdia Brilannica was sidisequently published as a vol- ume. He also contributed important articles to Lalor's Cyclopa-dia of Political Science (1881- 84). His work is characterized by clearness, conciseness, and careful research. JOHNSTON, Alexander Keith (1804-71). A celebrated Scotch cartographer, born near Edin- burgh. His first important work, the National Atlas, was published in 1843. Its merits received inunediate recognition, and .Johnston was ap- pointed royal geographer for Scotland. Five years later appeared his Pln/siral Atlas of Nat- vral Phenomena, the publication of which was the signal for a shower of honors from the geo- graphical societies of Europe. A second edition, greatly improved, was issued in 1850. In 1850 appeared a very useful Dictionary of Geof/raphy, better known as Johns,ton's Gazetteer (5th ed. 1877). His Royal Atlas of Geography (1801) is probably the most beautiful and minutely ac- curate ever executed in the English language.
