JOHNSTON. 266 JOHNSTOWN. Savannah and into South Carolina, Johnston, at the earnest request of General Lee, was assigned to tlie command of the remnant of the Army of the Teimcssee and of all the troops in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, and was ordered to "concentrate all available forces and drive back Sherman." But his force being in- ferior to that of Sherman, he was several times defeated, and on April 20, 1805, having learned of Lee's surrender of the Army of Northern 'ir- ginia, and after consultation with President Davis and members of the Confederate Cabinet, he capitulated to Sherman at Durham's Station, N. C. upon terms similar to those agreed upon at Appomatto.. The testimony of Johnston's principal opponents and of an able and im- partial British military critic must be taken as a fair estimate as to his merits as a sol- dier. General Grant said: 1 have had nearly all the Southern generals in high command in front of me, and .loe Johnston gave me more anxiety than any of the others." Sherman said he was "equal in all the elements of generalship to Lee." Colonel Chesney wrote: '"If men were to be judged of solely by the dillicultics they overcame, independently of the direct results achieved, then General .Tohnston might fitly hea<l the list of great American commanders: for on his side was neither the supreme military power wielded by fJrant, nor the prestige which made Lee almost independent of those who nominally controlled him : much less the harmony of thotight and action with his superior which assisted Sher- man from first to last. ... In all these points, tlierefore, he was at a striking disadvantage as regarded his opponent; yet with these against liim, and with but one-half the number of the Federals, he contrived to hold them back, led though they were with such versatile skill and unwearied energy' as the records of modern war can hardly match, for nearly two months and a half, ... a feat that should leave his name in the annals of defensive war at least as higii as that of Fabius, or Turenne, or Moreau." After the war Johnston resided for several years in the South, holding offices in railroad, express, and in- surance companies. He was elected to Congress from the Kichmnnd district of Virginia in 1876. and was a|)pointed United States Commissioner of Railroads in 1SS.5. lie was a pall-bearer at the funerals of Grant and Sherman. He published a Narnilive of Military Operations During the Late War (1874). Consult Hughes, General Johnston (New York, 1803), in the "Great Com- manders Series." JOHNSTON, Maky (1870—). An American ■novelist, liorn at Buchanan, Botetourt County. Va., November 21, 1870. She was educated at home. Prisoners of Hope (1898), and a second romance. To Hare and To Hold (ISflO), likewise a story of colonial Virginia, had many readers. Audrey, a third romance of colonial Virginia, followed in 1901. The two latter were drama- tized. JOHNSTON, Richard Malcolm (1822-98). An American author, bom in Hancock County, Ga.. March 8, 1822. He graduated at !Iercer University, Georgia (1841) ; taught for a year; w-as admitted to the bar; practiced successfully: became professor of literature in the University of Georgia (18.57) ; left this post at the outbreak of the Civil War; opened a boarding school for boys at Sparta, Ga. ; removed this institution in 1807 to Baltimore County, Md., and main- tained it there many years. Toward the end of his life he resided in Baltimore. He gained lit- erary mark by sketches of rural Georgia. Dukes- horouijh Tales, first printed in the ^onlherii Magazine and collected in 1883. He contributed frequently to magazines, and published: A His- tory of English Lilcralurc (1879); Uld Mark Jjungston (1884); Two Grey Tourists (1885); Mr. Absalom Bilingsiea and Other Georgia Folk (1887) ; Ogcechce Cross-Firings (1889) ; tliiidics Literary and Social (1891-92) ; The Primes and Their Xeighbors (1891); Mr. Billy Downs and His Likes (1872); and a few^ other books, his Dukeshorouyh Tales still remaining his master- piece. He wrote with W. II. Browne a Biography (-/■ Alexander H. Hlephcns (1883). JOHNSTON, Saiuel (1733-1816). An American jurist, born at Dundee, Scotland, nephew of Gabriel .Johnston (q.v.). liile he- was still an infant his parents emigrated with him to Chowan County. N. C. He was admitted to the bar and was elected to four provincial con- gresses, over the last two of which he presided. He was moderator of the General Meeting at New Berne in 1775, and by virtue of this ollice was chief magistrate of North Carolina between the abdication of the last royal Governor and the accession of the first State Governor. From 1780 to 1782 lie was a member of the Continental Congress; in 1788 was president of the State convention which rejected the Federal Constitu- tion; and in 1789 was president also of that which ratified it. During these two years he was Governor of North Carolina, and on the expira- tion of his term of office he was chosen by the Federalists a United States Senator, in which capacity he served from 1790 to 1793. He was appointed judge of the Superior Court in 1800, but resigned three years later, and passed the remainder of his life in retirement. JOHNSTON, William Prestox (1831-99). An American educator, son of Albert Sidney Jolinston. He was born in Louisville. Ky. ; was educated at Centre College, at Georgetown, Ky., and at Yale (1852); and was admitted to the Kentucky liar in 1853. He was commissioned as major in the Confederate Army in 1861; served as .Jefferson Davis's aide-de-camp, and was cap- tured with him. In 1867 he was chosen pro- fessor of history and literature in Washington and Lee University: became president of Louisi- ana State University in 1880. and of Tulane in 1884. He was a regent of the .Smithsonian In- stitution. He wrote a valuable Life of Albert Sidney Johnston (1877); several volumes of verse; a genealogy of the Johnstons; and The Prototype of Hani'let (1890). JOHN'STONE. A manufacturing town in Renfrewshire, Scotland, on the Black Cart, about three miles west of Paisley (Map: Scotland, D 4). It has large cotton-factories, collieries, brass and iron foundries, and machine-shops. Elderslie. the traditional birthplace of Wallace, is a mile to the east. Population, in 1901, 10,502. JOHNS'TOWN. A city and the county-seat of Fulton County. N. Y.. 45 miles northwest of Albanv: on Cavadutta Creek, and on the Fonda, • Johnstown and'Gloversville Railroad (Map: New York, F 2). It was settled about 1760; was
